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Estimating crop coefficients for apple orchards with varying canopy cover using measured data from twelve orchards in the Western Cape Province, South Africa

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  • Mobe, N.T.
  • Dzikiti, S.
  • Zirebwa, S.F.
  • Midgley, S.J.E.
  • von Loeper, W.
  • Mazvimavi, D.
  • Ntshidi, Z.
  • Jovanovic, N.Z.

Abstract

The FAO-56 crop coefficient (Kc) approach is widely used for making irrigation decisions. Allen and Pereira (2009) extended this approach by developing a method for estimating Kc using a density coefficient (Kd), which is estimated from the fraction of ground covered by vegetation and plant height. In this study we evaluated this method using detailed measurements of transpiration (T), evapotranspiration (ET), soil attributes, weather, and tree physiological variables in 12 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Mid-summer canopy cover of the orchards was less than 20 % in young non-bearing and exceeded 60 % in mature full-bearing orchards. Data were collected over three growing seasons (October 2014 to May 2017) in orchards planted to the Golden Delicious/Reinders®, Cripps Pink, Cripps Red, and Rosy Glow apple cultivars. The original Allen and Pereira (A&P) method significantly overestimated the basal crop coefficients (Kcb) by on average 47 % in mature and 103 % in young orchards, respectively. However, improved Kcb estimates were obtained by adjusting the ratio of the resistances (i.e. rl /100) in the A&P method, where rl is the mean leaf resistance and 100 s/m is the typical resistance for annual crops. We defined a resistance parameter “α” for apple orchards which is equivalent to the bulk canopy resistance of a well-watered tree. Replacing rl /100 with rl /α, and using the measured mean rl and other biophysical measurements to solve the A&P equation for α gave a value ∼ 37 s/m. The improved Kcb values were used to derive the orchard Kc taking into account the contribution of cover crops whose transpiration was measured using miniature stem heat balance sap flow gauges. The seasonal total transpiration (T) estimated as T = Kcb x ETo, where ETo is the reference ET closely matched the measured values with a RMSE (root of the mean square error) of ∼ ±16 mm. Therefore, using the mean canopy resistance which is representative of apple trees in the A&P method has the potential to accurately predict both the crop coefficients and water use of apple orchards from planting until full bearing age.

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  • Mobe, N.T. & Dzikiti, S. & Zirebwa, S.F. & Midgley, S.J.E. & von Loeper, W. & Mazvimavi, D. & Ntshidi, Z. & Jovanovic, N.Z., 2020. "Estimating crop coefficients for apple orchards with varying canopy cover using measured data from twelve orchards in the Western Cape Province, South Africa," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:233:y:2020:i:c:s0378377419310340
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106103
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    1. Zanotelli, Damiano & Montagnani, Leonardo & Andreotti, Carlo & Tagliavini, Massimo, 2019. "Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient patterns of an apple orchard in a sub-humid environment," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
    2. Dzikiti, S. & Volschenk, T. & Midgley, S.J.E & Lötze, E. & Taylor, N.J & Gush, M.B. & Ntshidi, Z. & Zirebwa, S.F & Doko, Q. & Schmeisser, M. & Jarmain, C. & Steyn, W.J & Pienaar, H.H., 2018. "Estimating the water requirements of high yielding and young apple orchards in the winter rainfall areas of South Africa using a dual source evapotranspiration model," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 208(C), pages 152-162.
    3. Marin, Fábio R. & Angelocci, Luiz R. & Nassif, Daniel S.P. & Costa, Leandro G. & Vianna, Murilo S. & Carvalho, Kassio S., 2016. "Crop coefficient changes with reference evapotranspiration for highly canopy-atmosphere coupled crops," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 139-145.
    4. Volschenk, Theresa, 2017. "Evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of Golden Delicious/M793 apple trees in the Koue Bokkeveld," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 184-191.
    5. Paco, T.A. & Ferreira, M.I. & Conceicao, N., 2006. "Peach orchard evapotranspiration in a sandy soil: Comparison between eddy covariance measurements and estimates by the FAO 56 approach," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 85(3), pages 305-313, October.
    6. Jiang, Xuelian & Kang, Shaozhong & Tong, Ling & Li, Fusheng & Li, Donghao & Ding, Risheng & Qiu, Rangjian, 2014. "Crop coefficient and evapotranspiration of grain maize modified by planting density in an arid region of northwest China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 135-143.
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    1. Ntshidi, Z. & Dzikiti, S. & Mazvimavi, D. & Mobe, N.T., 2021. "Contribution of understorey vegetation to evapotranspiration partitioning in apple orchards under Mediterranean climatic conditions in South Africa," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
    2. Pereira, L.S. & Paredes, P. & Melton, F. & Johnson, L. & Wang, T. & López-Urrea, R. & Cancela, J.J. & Allen, R.G., 2020. "Prediction of crop coefficients from fraction of ground cover and height. Background and validation using ground and remote sensing data," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    3. Pereira, L.S. & Paredes, P. & Melton, F. & Johnson, L. & Mota, M. & Wang, T., 2021. "Prediction of crop coefficients from fraction of ground cover and height: Practical application to vegetable, field and fruit crops with focus on parameterization," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 252(C).
    4. Hui Cao & Hongbo Wang & Yong Li & Abdoul Kader Mounkaila Hamani & Nan Zhang & Xingpeng Wang & Yang Gao, 2021. "Evapotranspiration Partition and Dual Crop Coefficients in Apple Orchard with Dwarf Stocks and Dense Planting in Arid Region, Aksu Oasis, Southern Xinjiang," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-16, November.
    5. Mashabatu, Munashe & Ntshidi, Zanele & Dzikiti, Sebinasi & Jovanovic, Nebojsa & Dube, Timothy & Taylor, Nicky J., 2023. "Deriving crop coefficients for evergreen and deciduous fruit orchards in South Africa using the fraction of vegetation cover and tree height data," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).

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