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Evolution and Stability of Cooperation without Enforceable Contracts

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  • Ulrich Witt

Abstract

ökonomische Transaktionen können oft nicht auf der Basis erschöpfender rechtlicher Regelungen und vereinbarter Zwangsmittel abgewickelt werden. Es ist dann nicht auszuschliessen, dass eine Seite ihre Verpflichtungen unzulänglich erfüllt, während die andere sie in vollem Umfang leistet. Eine ähnliche Situation kann auftreten, wenn formelle rechtliche Ansprüche zwar bestehen, sich aber wegen prohibitiver Durchsetzungskosten nicht realisieren lassen. Der Logik des Gefangenen Dilemmas folgend sind in solchen Situationen regelmässig Anreize zu einem nicht oder nicht vollständigen Erfüllen von Vereinbarungen zu erwarten. Dennoch finden Transaktionen häufig auf einer scheinbar so wenig gesicherten Basis statt, ohne dass es zu einer Verletzung der wechselseitigen Verpflichtungen kommt. Zur Erklärung dieses empirischen Phänomens wird eine Theorie des häufigkeitsabhängigen Lernverhaltens vorgeschlagen, das in verschiedenen Gruppen der interagierenden Individuen auftritt. Der Ansatz lässt sich verallgemeinern, um die Bedingungen zu klären, unter denen in einem evolutorischen Prozess eine Vielzahl gesellschaftlicher Gefangenen‐Dilemma‐Situationen vermieden wird. Strict legal arrangements and sanctions against default are frequently absent in economic transactions. Even where such arrangements exist, enforcement costs are often prohibitive. Prisoner's dilemma logic shows that in these situations the incentive to default is strong. Nevertheless, although such transactions are common, default is rather rare. To explain this a theory of frequency dependent learning behaviour within groups of interacting agents is suggested. The approach can be generalized to indicate conditions under which many societal prisoner's dilemma situations can be prevented in the course of an evolutionary process. Les dispositions et les sanctions légales contre le manquement aux engagements sont frèquemment absentes dans les transactions économiques. Mëtme lorsque ces dispositions existent, les cou̧its de leur mise en application sont souvent prohibitifs. La logique du dilemme du prisonnier montre que, dans ces situations, il existe une forte incitation au non‐respect des engagements. Cependant, bien que ces transactions soient fréquentes, le manquement aux engagements est pluto̧t rare. Pour expliquer ceci, l'auteur suggère de recourir ȩ la théorie du comportement de la fréquence d'apprentissage du défenseur ȩ l'intérieur de groupes d'agents réagissant réciproquement. Cette approche peut se généraliser pour déterminer les conditions dans lesquelles on peut empȩcher le développement de bien des situations sociales du dilemme du prisonnier.

Suggested Citation

  • Ulrich Witt, 1986. "Evolution and Stability of Cooperation without Enforceable Contracts," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(2), pages 245-266, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:kyklos:v:39:y:1986:i:2:p:245-266
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6435.1986.tb00770.x
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    Cited by:

    1. Mazzanti, Massimiliano, 2001. "The role of economics in global management of whales: re-forming or re-founding IWC?," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 205-221, February.
    2. Nyberg, Sten, 1997. "The honest society: Stability and policy considerations," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(1), pages 83-99, April.
    3. Sethi, Rajiv, 1996. "Evolutionary stability and social norms," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 29(1), pages 113-140, January.
    4. Poulsen, Anders & Svendsen, Gert Tinggaard, 2003. "Rise and Decline of Social Capital," Working Papers 03-10, University of Aarhus, Aarhus School of Business, Department of Economics.
    5. Müller, Stephan & von Wangenheim, Georg, 2014. "Evolution of cooperation in social dilemmas: Signaling internalized norms," University of Göttingen Working Papers in Economics 221, University of Goettingen, Department of Economics.
    6. Congleton, Roger D. & Vanberg, Viktor J., 2001. "Help, harm or avoid? On the personal advantage of dispositions to cooperate and punish in multilateral PD games with exit," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 44(2), pages 145-167, February.
    7. Marina Bianchi, 1994. "Evolutionary metaphors and the justification of economic efficiency," Finnish Economic Papers, Finnish Economic Association, vol. 7(1), pages 17-29, Spring.
    8. Gianna Lotito & Matteo Migheli & Guido Ortona, 2013. "Is cooperation instinctive? Evidence from the response times in a public goods game," Journal of Bioeconomics, Springer, vol. 15(2), pages 123-133, July.
    9. Ulrich Witt, 1989. "The evolution of economic institutions as a propagation process," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 62(2), pages 155-172, August.
    10. Scharpf, Fritz W., 1989. "Games Real Actors Could Play: The Problem of Complete Information," MPIfG Discussion Paper 89/9, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies.
    11. Thomas J. Miceli & Alanson P. Minkler, 1997. "Preferences, cooperation, and Institutions," Working papers 1997-06, University of Connecticut, Department of Economics.
    12. Fritz W. Scharpf, 1990. "Games Real Actors Could Play," Rationality and Society, , vol. 2(4), pages 471-494, October.

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