Analysis of Household Water Demand and Supply Challenges in Mubi Metropolis, Adamawa State-Nigeria: A Search for a Sustainable Water Security Solution

This study assesses the water demand and supply situation in Mubi Metropolis, Adamawa State, Nigeria, with a focus on identifying sustainable water security solutions. The study deployed the use of mixed method in order to achieve its specific objectives. Findings reveal a moderate willingness to pay (WTP) for improved water services, averaging ₦15,650 (Math input error 14.19) and reaching up to ₦48,000 ($28.24), constitutes 9.42% of income—far exceeding the WHO benchmark of 3-5% and imposing significant financial strain, particularly on low-income households. Per capita water consumption stands at 28.93 liters, far below the WHO-recommended 100 liters, highlighting a severe deficit of 71.07 liters per person. Income disparity and high poverty levels exacerbate water insecurity, while dissatisfaction with water quality persists, as most households rely on costly and inconsistent private boreholes (mai-ruwa) for supply. Key drivers of water demand challenges include population growth, seasonal variability, socio-economic activities, and the presence of institutions, compounded by weak policy enforcement and the effects of conflict. To address these challenges, the study recommends investment in public water infrastructure, income-based pricing, cross-subsidization for low-income households, and community-based water schemes. Additionally, improving water quality through treatment plants, fostering public-private partnerships, and strengthening policy enforcement are crucial. Enhancing resilience to seasonal variability and implementing conflict-sensitive interventions are also vital.