IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i24p16532-d998165.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Discrimination against and Associated Stigma Experienced by Transgender Women with Intersectional Identities in Thailand

Author

Listed:
  • Pimwarat Srikummoon

    (Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
    Data Science Research Center, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand)

  • Yuphayong Thanutan

    (Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand)

  • Natthaporn Manojai

    (Mplus Foundation, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand)

  • Sukon Prasitwattanaseree

    (Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand)

  • Nachale Boonyapisomparn

    (The Foundation of Transgender Alliance for Human Rights, Bangkok 10160, Thailand)

  • Unyamanee Kummaraka

    (Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
    Data Science Research Center, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand)

  • Chanapat Pateekhum

    (Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand)

  • Phisanu Chiawkhun

    (Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand)

  • Chayut Owatsakul

    (Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand)

  • Benchalak Maneeton

    (Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand)

  • Narong Maneeton

    (Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand)

  • Suttipong Kawilapat

    (Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand)

  • Patrinee Traisathit

    (Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
    Data Science Research Center, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
    Research Center in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand)

Abstract

Although Thailand is overtly open to diversity and promotes equality, discrimination of minorities based on gender, ethnicity, and/or certain occupations is unfortunately still prevalent. Society either obstructs their inclusion or accepts them but only under certain conditions. The objective of this study is to examine the discrimination of TGWs with intersectional identities within Thai society. A total of 19 TGW participants were recruited and underwent in-depth thematic interviews about their experiences of discrimination. Rechecking of the extracted information from the interview transcripts and the subsequent encoding process were conducted using the NVivo program. The results show that the median age was 30 years old, and the majority of the individuals with intersectional identities were ethnic minority TGWs (47%). The in-depth interviews were divided into four main themes, including discrimination at an educational institution, discrimination in the workplace, discrimination in daily life, and discrimination at a healthcare facility. Our findings reflect problems associated with multiple sources of discrimination aimed at transgender women with an intersectional identity in Thailand in every aspect, including harsh speech or physical abuse; occupational, social, and legal inequality; and healthcare provision disparity. Raising awareness about gender diversity and intersectionality, as well as enforcing anti-bullying legislation and anti-discrimination laws, should be continually pursued in order to protect the rights and improve the quality of life of transgender individuals with an intersectional identity.

Suggested Citation

  • Pimwarat Srikummoon & Yuphayong Thanutan & Natthaporn Manojai & Sukon Prasitwattanaseree & Nachale Boonyapisomparn & Unyamanee Kummaraka & Chanapat Pateekhum & Phisanu Chiawkhun & Chayut Owatsakul & B, 2022. "Discrimination against and Associated Stigma Experienced by Transgender Women with Intersectional Identities in Thailand," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-12, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:24:p:16532-:d:998165
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/24/16532/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/24/16532/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. White Hughto, Jaclyn M. & Reisner, Sari L. & Pachankis, John E., 2015. "Transgender stigma and health: A critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 222-231.
    2. Bradford, J. & Reisner, S.L. & Honnold, J.A. & Xavier, J., 2013. "Experiences of transgender-related discrimination and implications for health: Results from the Virginia transgender health initiative study," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 103(10), pages 1820-1829.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. King, Wesley M. & Hughto, Jaclyn M.W. & Operario, Don, 2020. "Transgender stigma: A critical scoping review of definitions, domains, and measures used in empirical research," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 250(C).
    2. Clark, Kirsty A. & White Hughto, Jaclyn M. & Pachankis, John E., 2017. "“What's the right thing to do?” Correctional healthcare providers' knowledge, attitudes and experiences caring for transgender inmates," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 193(C), pages 80-89.
    3. Danya Lagos, 2018. "Looking at Population Health Beyond “Male” and “Female”: Implications of Transgender Identity and Gender Nonconformity for Population Health," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 55(6), pages 2097-2117, December.
    4. Cristiano Scandurra & Vincenzo Bochicchio & Anna Lisa Amodeo & Concetta Esposito & Paolo Valerio & Nelson Mauro Maldonato & Dario Bacchini & Roberto Vitelli, 2018. "Internalized Transphobia, Resilience, and Mental Health: Applying the Psychological Mediation Framework to Italian Transgender Individuals," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-19, March.
    5. Zia Ullah & Esra AlDhaen & Rana Tahir Naveed & Naveed Ahmad & Miklas Scholz & Tasawar Abdul Hamid & Heesup Han, 2021. "Towards Making an Invisible Diversity Visible: A Study of Socially Structured Barriers for Purple Collar Employees in the Workplace," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-16, August.
    6. Peitzmeier, Sarah M. & Wirtz, Andrea L. & Humes, Elizabeth & Hughto, Jaclyn M.W. & Cooney, Erin & Reisner, Sari L., 2021. "The transgender-specific intimate partner violence scale for research and practice: Validation in a sample of transgender women," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 291(C).
    7. Bhattacharya, Shamayeta & Ghosh, Debarchana, 2020. "Studying physical and mental health status among hijra, kothi and transgender community in Kolkata, India," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
    8. Amerikaner, Layne & Yan, Hope Xu & Sayer, Liana C. & Doan, Long & Fish, Jessica N. & Drotning, Kelsey J. & Rinderknecht, R. Gordon, 2023. "Blurred border or safe harbor? Emotional well-being among sexual and gender minority adults working from home during COVID-19," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 323(C).
    9. Luca Fumarco & Benjamin Harrell & Patrick Button & David Schwegman & E Dils, 2020. "Gender Identity, Race, and Ethnicity-based Discrimination in Access to Mental Health Care: Evidence from an Audit Correspondence Field Experiment," NBER Working Papers 28164, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    10. Fau Rosati & Valentina Coletta & Jessica Pistella & Cristiano Scandurra & Fiorenzo Laghi & Roberto Baiocco, 2021. "Experiences of Life and Intersectionality of Transgender Refugees Living in Italy: A Qualitative Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-15, November.
    11. Thoresen, Siri & Aakvaag, Helene Flood & Strøm, Ida Frugård & Wentzel-Larsen, Tore & Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott, 2018. "Loneliness as a mediator of the relationship between shame and health problems in young people exposed to childhood violence," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 183-189.
    12. Gordon, Allegra R. & Austin, S. Bryn & Krieger, Nancy & White Hughto, Jaclyn M. & Reisner, Sari L., 2016. "“I have to constantly prove to myself, to people, that I fit the bill”: Perspectives on weight and shape control behaviors among low-income, ethnically diverse young transgender women," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 141-149.
    13. M. Killian Kinney & Darren Cosgrove, 2022. "“Truly Listen to Us”: Recommendations for Health Professionals to Bolster Wellbeing of Nonbinary Individuals," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-22, July.
    14. Jennifer R. Pharr & Lung-Chang Chien & Maxim Gakh & Jason Flatt & Krystal Kittle & Emylia Terry, 2022. "Serial Mediation Analysis of the Association of Familiarity with Transgender Sports Bans and Suicidality among Sexual and Gender Minority Adults in the United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-16, August.
    15. Sugyanta Priyadarshini & Sukanta Chandra Swain, 2020. "Life of Transgender in Ethical Milieu: A Study of Selected Transgenders of Bhubaneswar, India," Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Richtmann Publishing Ltd, vol. 9, July.
    16. Christine M. Robinson & Sue E. Spivey, 2019. "Ungodly Genders: Deconstructing Ex-Gay Movement Discourses of “Transgenderism” in the US," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 8(6), pages 1-28, June.
    17. Hannah Van Borm & Marlot Dhoop & Allien Van Acker & Stijn Baert, 2020. "What does someone's gender identity signal to employers?," International Journal of Manpower, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 41(6), pages 753-777, March.
    18. Vaitses Fontanari, Anna Martha & Zanella, Gabriel Ibarra & Feijó, Marina & Churchill, Siobhan & Rodrigues Lobato, Maria Inês & Costa, Angelo Brandelli, 2019. "HIV-related care for transgender people: A systematic review of studies from around the world," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 230(C), pages 280-294.
    19. White Hughto, Jaclyn M. & Reisner, Sari L. & Pachankis, John E., 2015. "Transgender stigma and health: A critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 222-231.
    20. Kristen D. Clark & Mitchell R. Lunn & Eliot M. Lev & Michael A. Trujillo & Micah E. Lubensky & Matthew R. Capriotti & Thomas J. Hoffmann & Juno Obedin-Maliver & Annesa Flentje, 2022. "State-Level Policy Environments, Discrimination, and Victimization among Sexual and Gender Minority People," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-16, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:24:p:16532-:d:998165. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.