IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/ags/ajfand/334006.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Mycotoxin hazards in the Kenyan food and feed market - A retrospective study

Author

Listed:
  • Kibugu, James
  • Mburu, D
  • Munga, L
  • Lusweti, F
  • Grace, D
  • Lindahl, J

Abstract

Mycotoxins are toxic fungal metabolites naturally found in food and feed as contaminants. Animal feed and human food samples (n=1818) from three major Kenyan laboratories were categorized as compliant and non-compliant according to Kenya, America (USA) and Europe (EU) mycotoxin regulatory limits. Quantitative risk assessment of dietary aflatoxin intake in maize, wheat, peanut and dairy products in relation to human hepatocellular carcinoma was carried out employing deterministic approach. Non-compliant samples’ proportions were calculated, and logistic regression and chi-square test used to compare different commodities. Animal feed were least compliant, with 64% and 39% having total aflatoxin (AFT) levels above Kenya and USA standards, respectively. Peanuts were the most non-compliant food, with 61% and 47% samples failing Kenya and USA AFT standards respectively, while wheat was least compliant (84%) according to EU threshold for AFT. Half of baby food sampled had AFT level above Kenya and EU standards. High non-compliance rate with Kenya, USA and EU regulatory thresholds with respect to seven different mycotoxins (summarized as “mycotoxins”), and also AFT and aflatoxin M1 alone in edible materials is reported. Significant non-compliance is reported for compound animal feed, peanuts, wheat, baby food, feed ingredients, herbal healthy drink, maize and fodder feed in that order. High levels of aflatoxin residues in animal feed and human food was also observed. Lifetime human consumption of wheat and maize leads to high additional risk for primary liver cancer, human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with dietary aflatoxin, wheat and its products causing the highest disease burden. Subsequent implications and limitations of current food safety standards are discussed. Humans and animals in Kenya appear to be chronically exposed to mycotoxin hazards: this calls for surveillance and risk management. There is urgent need for enhanced and consistent surveillance of the dietary mycotoxin hazards observed in this study employing representative sampling plans. Regulation and future research need to focus on reliable analysis techniques, collection of data on toxicological effects of mycotoxins and food consumption pattern, and regulatory limits accordingly set and compliance enforced to protect vulnerable groups such as paediatric, geriatric and sick members of the society to reduce cancer burden in Kenya.

Suggested Citation

  • Kibugu, James & Mburu, D & Munga, L & Lusweti, F & Grace, D & Lindahl, J, 2022. "Mycotoxin hazards in the Kenyan food and feed market - A retrospective study," African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development (AJFAND), African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development (AJFAND), vol. 22(01).
    • Handle: RePEc:ags:ajfand:334006
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/334006/files/Kibugu20995.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ahmad Alshannaq & Jae-Hyuk Yu, 2017. "Occurrence, Toxicity, and Analysis of Major Mycotoxins in Food," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-20, June.
    2. Unnevehr, Laurian & Grace, Delia, 2013. "Aflatoxins: Finding solutions for improved food safety," 2020 vision focus 20, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    3. repec:fpr:2020br:20(5 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. Noreddine Benkerroum, 2020. "Aflatoxins: Producing-Molds, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-40, February.
    5. Chenevix Trench, Pippa & Narrod, Clare A. & Roy, Devesh & Tiongco, Marites, 2011. "Responding to health risks along the value chain:," 2020 conference briefs 5, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Mirjana Lončar & Dajana Gašo-Sokač & Maja Molnar, 2023. "Coumarin derivatives as antifungal agents - A review," Czech Journal of Food Sciences, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 41(2), pages 79-91.
    2. Licia Pantano & Ladislao La Scala & Francesco Olibrio & Francesco Giuseppe Galluzzo & Carmelo Bongiorno & Maria Drussilla Buscemi & Andrea Macaluso & Antonio Vella, 2021. "QuEChERS LC–MS/MS Screening Method for Mycotoxin Detection in Cereal Products and Spices," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-17, April.
    3. Fulvio Ferri & Carlo Brera & Barbara De Santis & Giorgia Collini & Enrica Crespi & Francesca Debegnach & Angelo Gargano & Daniela Gattei & Ines Magnani & Pamela Mancuso & Stefania Mozzanica & Elvira T, 2020. "Association between Urinary Levels of Aflatoxin and Consumption of Food Linked to Maize or Cow Milk or Dairy Products," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-13, April.
    4. ul Haq, Zahoor, 2012. "Food value chain analysis: A review of selected studies for Pakistan and guidelines for further research," PSSP working papers 10, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    5. Bachev, Hrabrin, 2012. "Управление На Риска В Аграрния Сектор [Risk management in agrarian sector]," MPRA Paper 98767, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    6. Marco d’Errico & Donato Romano & Rebecca Pietrelli, 2018. "Household resilience to food insecurity: evidence from Tanzania and Uganda," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 10(4), pages 1033-1054, August.
    7. Unnevehr, Laurian, 2021. "Addressing Food Safety Challenges in Rapidly Changing Food Systems," 2021 Conference, August 17-31, 2021, Virtual 313802, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    8. Laurian J. Unnevehr, 2022. "Addressing food safety challenges in rapidly developing food systems," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 53(4), pages 529-539, July.
    9. Johnson, Nancy L. & Atherstone, Christine & Grace, Delia, 2015. "The potential of farm-level technologies and practices to contribute to reducing consumer exposure to aflatoxins: A theory of change analysis:," IFPRI discussion papers 1452, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    10. Annika Djurle & Beth Young & Anna Berlin & Ivar Vågsholm & Anne-Lie Blomström & Jim Nygren & Anders Kvarnheden, 2022. "Addressing biohazards to food security in primary production," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 14(6), pages 1475-1497, December.
    11. Tomas Dropa & Zbynek Dzuman & Petra Jonatova, 2021. "Mycotoxins in oat flakes - changes during production and occurrence on the Czech market," Czech Journal of Food Sciences, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 39(2), pages 131-139.
    12. Hussein F. Hassan & Alissar Abou Ghaida & Abeer Charara & Hani Dimassi & Hussein Faour & Rayan Nahouli & Layal Karam & Nisreen Alwan, 2022. "Exposure to Ochratoxin A from Rice Consumption in Lebanon and United Arab Emirates: A Comparative Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-9, September.
    13. Wanglong Zheng & Wentong Fan & Nannan Feng & Nanyan Lu & Hui Zou & Jianhong Gu & Yan Yuan & Xuezhong Liu & Jianfa Bai & Jianchun Bian & Zongping Liu, 2019. "The Role of miRNAs in Zearalenone-Promotion of TM3 Cell Proliferation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-19, April.
    14. repec:bas:econth:y:2013:i:2:p:76-99 is not listed on IDEAS
    15. Delia Grace, 2015. "Food Safety in Low and Middle Income Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-18, August.
    16. repec:bas:econth:y:2013:i:2:p:50-75 is not listed on IDEAS
    17. Alexandru Bănică & Karima Kourtit & Peter Nijkamp, 2020. "Natural disasters as a development opportunity: a spatial economic resilience interpretation," Review of Regional Research: Jahrbuch für Regionalwissenschaft, Springer;Gesellschaft für Regionalforschung (GfR), vol. 40(2), pages 223-249, October.
    18. Kundu, Debadrita & Ricker-Gilbert, Jacob, 2022. "Shocks, Social Protection and Resilience for Food and Nutrition Security: Panel Data Evidence from Semi-Arid-Tropics and Eastern India," 2022 Annual Meeting, July 31-August 2, Anaheim, California 322380, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    19. Aqib Javed & Iqra Naeem & Noreddine Benkerroum & Muhammad Riaz & Saeed Akhtar & Amir Ismail & Muhammad Sajid & Muhammad Tayyab Khan & Zubair Ismail, 2021. "Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Aflatoxins through Intake of Eastern Herbal Medicines Collected from Four Districts of Southern Punjab—Pakistan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-21, September.
    20. Iqra Naeem & Amir Ismail & Awais Ur Rehman & Zubair Ismail & Shehzadi Saima & Ambreen Naz & Asim Faraz & Carlos Augusto Fernandes de Oliveira & Noreddine Benkerroum & Muhammad Zahid Aslam & Rashida As, 2022. "Prevalence of Aflatoxins in Selected Dry Fruits, Impact of Storage Conditions on Contamination Levels and Associated Health Risks on Pakistani Consumers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-20, March.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:ags:ajfand:334006. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: AgEcon Search (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.ajfand.net/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.