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Sectoral and Aggregate Inflation Dynamics in the Euro Area
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- Oguz Atuk & Cem Aysoy & Mustafa Utku Ozmen & Cagri Sarikaya, 2014. "Turkiye�de Enflasyonun Is Cevrimlerine Duyarliligi : Cikti Acigina Duyarli TUFE Alt Gruplarinin Saptanmasi," Working Papers 1437, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.
- P. Du Caju & C. Fuss & L. Wintr, 2012.
"Sectoral differences in downward real wage rigidity: workforce composition, institutions, technology and competition [Branchenspezifische Unterschiede in der Abwärtsreallohnstarrheit: Arbeitskrafts,"
Journal for Labour Market Research, Springer;Institute for Employment Research/ Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), vol. 45(1), pages 7-22, March.
- P. Du Caju & C. Fuss & L. Wintr, 2012. "Sectoral differences in downward real wage rigidity: workforce composition, institutions, technology and competition," Journal for Labour Market Research, Springer;Institute for Employment Research/ Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), vol. 45(1), pages 7-22, March.
- Du Caju, Philip & Fuss, Catherine & Wintr, Ladislav, 2012. "Sectoral differences in downward real wage rigidity: workforce composition, institutions, technology and competition," Journal for Labour Market Research, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany], vol. 45(1), pages 7-22.
- Joseph P. Byrne & Alexandros Kontonikas & Alberto Montagnoli, 2013.
"International Evidence on the New Keynesian Phillips Curve Using Aggregate and Disaggregate Data,"
Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 45(5), pages 913-932, August.
- Joseph P. Byrne & Alexandros Kontonikas & Alberto Montagnoli, 2013. "International Evidence on the New Keynesian Phillips Curve Using Aggregate and Disaggregate Data," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 45(5), pages 913-932, August.
- Joseph P. Byrne & Alexandros Kontonikas & Alberto Montagnoli, 2010. "International evidence on the new Keynesian Phillips Curve using aggregate and disaggregate data," Working Papers 2010_18, Business School - Economics, University of Glasgow.
- Byrne, Joseph P. & Kontonikas, Alexandros & Montagnoliz, Alberto, 2010. "International Evidence on the New Keynesian Phillips Curve Using Aggregate and Disaggregate Data," SIRE Discussion Papers 2010-57, Scottish Institute for Research in Economics (SIRE).
- Bilke, Laurent & Stracca, Livio, 2007.
"A persistence-weighted measure of core inflation in the Euro area,"
Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 24(6), pages 1032-1047, November.
- Stracca, Livio & Bilke, Laurent, 2008. "A persistence-weighted measure of core inflation in the euro area," Working Paper Series 905, European Central Bank.
- Guglielmo Caporale & Luca Onorante & Paolo Paesani, 2012.
"Inflation and inflation uncertainty in the euro area,"
Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 43(2), pages 597-615, October.
- Guglielmo Maria Caporale & Luca Onorante & Paolo Paesani, 2009. "Inflation and Inflation Uncertainty in the Euro Area," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 909, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
- Caporale, Guglielmo Maria & Onorante, Luca & Paesani, Paolo, 2010. "Inflation and inflation uncertainty in the euro area," Working Paper Series 1229, European Central Bank.
- Luca ONORANTE & Guglielmo MARIA CAPORALE & Paolo PAESANI, 2010. "Inflation and Inflation Uncertainty in the Euro Area," EcoMod2010 259600126, EcoMod.
- Guglielmo Maria Caporale & Luca Onorante & Paolo Paesani, 2009. "Inflation and Inflation Uncertainty in the Euro Area," CESifo Working Paper Series 2720, CESifo.
- Mr. Emil Stavrev, 2006. "Measures of Underlying Inflation in the Euro Area: Assessment and Role for Informing Monetary Policy," IMF Working Papers 2006/197, International Monetary Fund.
- Sheedy, Kevin D., 2010.
"Intrinsic inflation persistence,"
Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 57(8), pages 1049-1061, November.
- Sheedy, Kevin D., 2007. "Intrinsic inflation persistence," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 3739, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Kevin D. Sheedy, 2007. "Intrinsic Inflation Persistence," CEP Discussion Papers dp0837, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
- D. Cornille & M. Dossche, 2006.
"The Patterns and Determinants of Price Setting in the Belgian Industry,"
Working Papers of Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Belgium
06/386, Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration.
- Dossche, Maarten & Cornille, David, 2006. "The patterns and determinants of price setting in the Belgian industry," Working Paper Series 618, European Central Bank.
- David Cornille & Maarten Dossche, 2006. "The patterns and determinants of price setting in the Belgian industry," Working Paper Research 82, National Bank of Belgium.
- Chris Tsoukis & George Kapetanios & Joseph Pearlman, 2007. "The Elusive Persistence: Wage and Price Rigidities, the Phillips Curve, and Inflation Dynamics," Working Papers 619, Queen Mary University of London, School of Economics and Finance.
- Patrick Lünnemann & Thomas Y. Mathä, 2010.
"Rigidities and inflation persistence of services and regulated prices,"
Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(2-3), pages 193-208.
- Lünnemann, Patrick & Mathä, Thomas Y., 2005. "Regulated and services' prices and inflation persistence," Working Paper Series 466, European Central Bank.
- Patrick Lünnemann & Thomas Y. Mathä, 2005. "Nominal rigidities and inflation persistence in Luxembourg: a comparison with EU 15 member countries with particular focus on services and regulated prices," BCL working papers 14, Central Bank of Luxembourg.
- Erdenebat Bataa & Denise R. Osborn & Marianne Sensier & Dick van Dijk, 2014.
"Identifying Changes in Mean, Seasonality, Persistence and Volatility for G7 and Euro Area Inflation,"
Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 76(3), pages 360-388, June.
- Erdenebat Bataa & Denise R. Osborn & Marianne Sensier & Dick van Dijk, 2008. "Identifying Changes in Mean, Seasonality, Persistence and Volatility for G7 and Euro Area Inflation," Centre for Growth and Business Cycle Research Discussion Paper Series 109, Economics, The University of Manchester.
- Du Caju, Philip & Fuss, Catherine & Wintr, Ladislav, 2009.
"Understanding sectoral differences in downward real wage rigidity: workforce composition, institutions, technology and competition,"
Working Paper Series
1006, European Central Bank.
- Philip Du Caju & Catherine Fuss & Ladislav Wintr, 2009. "Understanding sectoral differences in downward real wage rigidity : workforce composition, institutions, technology and competition," Working Paper Research 156, National Bank of Belgium.
- Joseph Byrne & Norbert Fiess, 2010.
"Euro area inflation: aggregation bias and convergence,"
Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 146(2), pages 339-357, June.
- Joseph P. Byrne & Norbert Fiess, 2007. "Euro Area Inflation: Aggregation Bias and Convergence," Working Papers 2007_41, Business School - Economics, University of Glasgow.
- Antonio Noriega & Carlos Capistrán & Manuel Ramos-Francia, 2013.
"On the dynamics of inflation persistence around the world,"
Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 44(3), pages 1243-1265, June.
- Noriega Antonio E. & Ramos Francia Manuel, 2009. "On the dynamics of inflation persistence around the world," Working Papers 2009-02, Banco de México.
- Ignazio Angeloni & Luc Aucremanne & Michael Ehrmann & Jordi Galí & Andrew Levin & Frank Smets, 2006.
"New Evidence on Inflation Persistence and Price Stickiness in the Euro Area: Implications for Macro Modeling,"
Journal of the European Economic Association, MIT Press, vol. 4(2-3), pages 562-574, 04-05.
- Ignazio Angeloni & Luc Aucremanne & Michael Ehrmann & Jordi Galí & Andrew Levin & Frank Smets, 2005. "New Evidence on Inflation Persistence and Price Stickiness in the Euro Area: Implications for Macro Modelling," Working Papers 242, Barcelona School of Economics.
- Ignazio Angelloni & Luc Aucremanne & Michael Ehrmann & Jordi Galí & Andrew Levin & Frank Smets, 2005. "New evidence on inflation persistence and price stickiness in the Euro area: Implications for macro modelling," Economics Working Papers 910, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
- Laura Mayoral, 2009.
"Heterogeneous dynamics, aggregation and the persistence of economic shocks,"
Working Papers
400, Barcelona School of Economics.
- Laura Mayoral, 2009. "Heterogeneous dynamics, aggregation and the persistence of economic shocks," UFAE and IAE Working Papers 786.09, Unitat de Fonaments de l'Anàlisi Econòmica (UAB) and Institut d'Anàlisi Econòmica (CSIC).
- Peter Tillmann, 2013.
"Inflation Targeting and Regional Inflation Persistence: Evidence from Korea,"
Pacific Economic Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 18(2), pages 147-161, May.
- Peter Tillmann, 2011. "Inflation Targeting and Regional Inflation Persistence: Evidence from Korea," MAGKS Papers on Economics 201122, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, Department of Economics (Volkswirtschaftliche Abteilung).
- Halunga, Andreea G. & Osborn, Denise R. & Sensier, Marianne, 2009.
"Changes in the order of integration of US and UK inflation,"
Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 102(1), pages 30-32, January.
- Andreea Halunga & Denise Osborn & Marianne Sensier, 2007. "Changes in the order of integration of US and UK inflation," Economics Discussion Paper Series 0715, Economics, The University of Manchester.
- Joseph P. Byrne & Alexandros Kontonikas & Alberto Montagnoli, 2010. "The Time‐Series Properties Of Uk Inflation: Evidence From Aggregate And Disaggregate Data," Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society, vol. 57(1), pages 33-47, February.
- repec:hum:wpaper:sfb649dp2010-030 is not listed on IDEAS
- Tomás Castagnino & Laura Inés D’Amato, 2013. "Régimen y dinámica inflacionaria subyacente: ¿comovimiento generalizado o ajuste de precios relativos?," Investigación Conjunta-Joint Research, in: Laura Inés D'Amato & Enrique López Enciso & María Teresa Ramírez Giraldo (ed.), Dinámica inflacionaria, persistencia y formación de precios y salarios, edition 1, chapter 2, pages 11-42, Centro de Estudios Monetarios Latinoamericanos, CEMLA.
- Milas, Costas & Dergiades, Theologos & Panagiotidis, Theodore & Papapanagiotou, Georgios, 2024.
"An assessment of inflation targeting,"
The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
- Costas Milas & Theologos Dergiades & Theodore Panagiotidis & Georgios Papapanagiotou, 2024. "An Assessment of Inflation Targeting," Discussion Paper Series 2024_05, Department of Economics, University of Macedonia, revised May 2024.
- Costas Milas & Theologos Dergiades & Theodore Panagiotidis & Georgios Papapanagiotou, 2024. "An assessment of inflation targeting," Working Paper series 24-12, Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis.
- Altansukh, Gantungalag & Becker, Ralf & Bratsiotis, George & Osborn, Denise R., 2017.
"What is the globalisation of inflation?,"
Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 1-27.
- Altansukh, Gantungalag & Becker, Ralf & Bratsiotis, George J. & Osborn, Denise R., 2017. "What is the Globalisation of Inflation?," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 74, pages 1-27.
- Gantungalag Altansukha & Ralf Becker & George Bratsiotis & Denise R. Osborn, 2016. "What is the Globalisation of Inflation? ," Centre for Growth and Business Cycle Research Discussion Paper Series 224, Economics, The University of Manchester.
- Chris Tsoukis & George Kapetanios & Joseph Pearlman, 2007.
"The Elusive Persistence: Wage and Price Rigidities, the Phillips Curve, and Inflation Dynamics,"
Working Papers
619, Queen Mary University of London, School of Economics and Finance.
- Chris Tsoukis & George Kapetanios & Joseph Pearlman, 2007. "The Elusive Persistence: Wage and Price Rigidities, the Phillips Curve, and Inflation Dynamics," Working Papers 619, Queen Mary University of London, School of Economics and Finance.
- Bill Russell & Anindya Banerjee & Issam Malki & Natalia Ponomareva, 2010.
"A Multiple Break Panel Approach To Estimating United States Phillips Curves,"
Dundee Discussion Papers in Economics
232, Economic Studies, University of Dundee.
- Bill Russell & Anindya Banerjee & Issam Malki & Natalia Ponomareva, 2011. "A Multiple Break Panel Approach To Estimating United States Phillips Curves," Dundee Discussion Papers in Economics 252, Economic Studies, University of Dundee.
- Russell, Bill & Banerjee, Anindya & Malki, Issam & Ponomareva, Natalia, 2011. "A Multiple Break Panel Approach to Estimating United States Phillips Curves," SIRE Discussion Papers 2012-27, Scottish Institute for Research in Economics (SIRE).
- Bill Russell & Anindya Banerjee & Issam Malki & Natalia Ponomareva, 2010. "A Multiple Break Panel Approach to Estimating United States Phillips Curves," Discussion Papers 10-14, Department of Economics, University of Birmingham.
- Jing Zeng, 2015. "Combining Country-Specific Forecasts when Forecasting Euro Area Macroeconomic Aggregates," Working Paper Series of the Department of Economics, University of Konstanz 2015-11, Department of Economics, University of Konstanz.
- George-Marios Angeletos & Zhen Huo, 2021.
"Myopia and Anchoring,"
American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 111(4), pages 1166-1200, April.
- George-Marios Angeletos & Zhen Huo, 2018. "Myopia and Anchoring," NBER Working Papers 24545, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Slanicay Martin, 2014. "Some Notes on Historical, Theoretical, and Empirical Background of DSGE Models," Review of Economic Perspectives, Sciendo, vol. 14(2), pages 145-164, June.
- Geronikolaou, George & Spyromitros, Eleftherios & Tsintzos, Panagiotis, 2020. "Progressive taxation and human capital as determinants of inflation persistence," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 82-97.
- Janine Aron & John Muellbauer, 2013.
"New Methods for Forecasting Inflation, Applied to the US,"
Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 75(5), pages 637-661, October.
- Muellbauer, John & Aron, Janine, 2010. "New methods for forecasting inflation, applied to the US," CEPR Discussion Papers 7877, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Tianfeng Li & June Wei, 2015. "Multiple Structural Breaks and Inflation Persistence: Evidence from China," Asian Economic Journal, East Asian Economic Association, vol. 29(1), pages 1-20, March.
- Muellbauer, John & Aron, Janine & Sebudde, Rachel, 2015.
"Inflation forecasting models for Uganda: is mobile money relevant?,"
CEPR Discussion Papers
10739, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Janine Aron & John Muellbauer & Rachel Sebudde, 2015. "Inflation forecasting models for Uganda: is mobile money relevant?," CSAE Working Paper Series 2015-17, Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford.
- Rehab OSMAN, 2010. "SADC EPAs with the EU: the Right or a Blight Way for Development," EcoMod2010 259600127, EcoMod.
- Sbordone, Argia M., 2007.
"Inflation persistence: Alternative interpretations and policy implications,"
Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(5), pages 1311-1339, July.
- Argia M. Sbordone, 2007. "Inflation persistence: alternative interpretations and policy implications," Staff Reports 286, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
- Chi-Young Choi & Joo Yong Lee & RóisÃn O'Sullivan, 2015. "Monetary Policy Regime Change and Regional Inflation Dynamics: Looking through the Lens of Sector-Level Data for Korea," Working Papers 2015-20, Economic Research Institute, Bank of Korea.
- Hasan Engin Duran & Burak Dindaroğlu, 2021. "Regional inflation persistence in Turkey," Growth and Change, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 52(1), pages 460-491, March.
- Jiranyakul, Komain, 2015. "Exchange Rate Regimes and Persistence of Inflation in Thailand," MPRA Paper 66203, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Philip Du Caju & Catherine Fuss & Ladislav Wintr, 2012. "Downward Wage Regidity for Different Workers and Firms," Brussels Economic Review, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles, vol. 55(1), pages 5-32.
- Laura Mayoral, 2013. "Heterogeneous Dynamics, Aggregation, And The Persistence Of Economic Shocks," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 54(4), pages 1295-1307, November.
- Tomás Castagnino & Laura Inés D’Amato, 2013. "Regimes and Underlying Inflation Dynamics: Generalized Comovement or Relative Price Adjustment?," Investigación Conjunta-Joint Research, in: Laura Inés D'Amato & Enrique López Enciso & María Teresa Ramírez Giraldo (ed.), Inflationary Dynamics, Persistence, and Prices and Wages Formation, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 2, pages 9-36, Centro de Estudios Monetarios Latinoamericanos, CEMLA.
- Patrick Lünnemann & Ladislav Wintr, 2009.
"Wages are flexible, aren?t they? evidence from monthly micro wage data,"
BCL working papers
39, Central Bank of Luxembourg.
- Lünnemann, Patrick & Wintr, Ladislav, 2009. "Wages are flexible aren't they? Evidence from monthly micro wage data," Working Paper Series 1074, European Central Bank.
- Hirsch, Boris & Merkl, Christian & Müller, Steffen & Schnabel, Claus, 2014.
"Centralized vs. decentralized wage formation: The role of firms' production technology,"
Kiel Working Papers
1927, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
- Hirsch, Boris & Merkl, Christian & Müller, Steffen & Schnabel, Claus, 2014. "Centralized vs. Decentralized Wage Formation: The Role of Firms' Production Technology," IZA Discussion Papers 8242, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Hirsch, Boris & Merkl, Christian & Mueller, Steffen & Schnabel, Claus, 2014. "Centralized vs. decentralized wage formation: The role of firms' production technology," Discussion Papers 92, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Chair of Labour and Regional Economics.
- Carlos Capistrán & Manuel Ramos‐Francia, 2009.
"Inflation Dynamics In Latin America,"
Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 27(3), pages 349-362, July.
- Ramos Francia Manuel & Capistrán Carlos, 2006. "Inflation Dynamics in Latin America," Working Papers 2006-11, Banco de México.
- Christopher Tsoukis & George Kapetanios & Joseph Pearlman, 2011. "Elusive Persistence: Wage And Price Rigidities, The New Keynesian Phillips Curve And Inflation Dynamics," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 25(4), pages 737-768, September.
- Jiranyakul, Komain, 2013. "Exchange Rate Regimes and Persistence of Inflation in Thailand," MPRA Paper 50109, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Denise R. Osborn & Marianne Sensier, 2009.
"Uk Inflation: Persistence, Seasonality And Monetary Policy,"
Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society, vol. 56(1), pages 24-44, February.
- Denise Osborn & Marianne Sensier, 2007. "UK inflation: persistance, seasonality and monetary policy," Economics Discussion Paper Series 0716, Economics, The University of Manchester.
- Laura Inés D’Amato & María Lorena Garegnani, 2013. "How Persistent is Inflation in Argentina?: Inflation Regimes and Price Dynamics in the Last 50 Years," Investigación Conjunta-Joint Research, in: Laura Inés D'Amato & Enrique López Enciso & María Teresa Ramírez Giraldo (ed.), Inflationary Dynamics, Persistence, and Prices and Wages Formation, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 4, pages 81-104, Centro de Estudios Monetarios Latinoamericanos, CEMLA.
- Patrick Lünnemann & Ladislav Wintr, 2010.
"Downward wage rigidity and automatic wage indexation: Evidence from monthly micro wage data,"
BCL working papers
48, Central Bank of Luxembourg.
- Lünnemann, Patrick & Wintr, Ladislav, 2010. "Downward wage rigidity and automatic wage indexation: evidence from monthly micro wage data," Working Paper Series 1269, European Central Bank.
- Laura Inés D’Amato & María Lorena Garegnani, 2013. "¿Cuán persistente es la inflación en Argentina?: regímenes inflacionarios y dinámica de precios en los últimos 50 años," Investigación Conjunta-Joint Research, in: Laura Inés D'Amato & Enrique López Enciso & María Teresa Ramírez Giraldo (ed.), Dinámica inflacionaria, persistencia y formación de precios y salarios, edition 1, chapter 4, pages 91-115, Centro de Estudios Monetarios Latinoamericanos, CEMLA.
- Frank Smets & Joris Tielens & Jan Van Hove, 2018. "Pipeline Pressures and Sectoral Inflation Dynamics," Working Paper Research 351, National Bank of Belgium.
- Thorvardur Tjörvi Ólafsson, 2006. "The New Keynesian Phillips Curve: In Search of Improvements and Adaptation to the Open Economy," Economics wp31_tjorvi, Department of Economics, Central bank of Iceland.
- Agnieszka Leszczynska & Katarzyna Hertel, 2013. "Inflation persistence – a disaggregated approach," EcoMod2013 5692, EcoMod.
- Chen, Shyh-Wei & Hsu, Chi-Sheng, 2016. "Threshold, smooth transition and mean reversion in inflation: New evidence from European countries," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 23-36.
- Yao, Fang, 2010. "Can the New Keynesian Phillips Curve explain inflation gap persistence?," SFB 649 Discussion Papers 2010-030, Humboldt University Berlin, Collaborative Research Center 649: Economic Risk.
- Avner Bar‐Ilan & Nancy P. Marion, 2009. "A Macroeconomic Perspective on Reserve Accumulation," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 17(4), pages 802-823, September.
- Choi, Chi-Young & O'Sullivan, Róisín, 2013. "Heterogeneous response of disaggregate inflation to monetary policy regime change: The role of price stickiness," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 37(9), pages 1814-1832.
- Marcellino, Massimiliano & Musso, Alberto, 2010. "Real time estimates of the euro area output gap: reliability and forecasting performance," Working Paper Series 1157, European Central Bank.
- Jing Zeng, 2016. "Combining country-specific forecasts when forecasting Euro area macroeconomic aggregates," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 43(2), pages 415-444, May.
- Fuss, Catherine & Wintr, Ladislav & Du Caju, Philip, 2007.
"Downward wage rigidity for different workers and firms: an evaluation for Belgium using the IWFP procedure,"
Working Paper Series
840, European Central Bank.
- Philip Du Caju & Catherine Fuss & Ladislav Wintr, 2007. "Downward wage rigidity for different workers and firms : an evaluation for Belgium using the IWFP procedure," Working Paper Research 124, National Bank of Belgium.