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The Powerful Antitakeover Force of Staggered Boards: Theory, Evidence and Policy

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Cited by:

  1. Kai Wang & Kun-Kun Xue & Jin-Hua Xu & Chien-Chi Chu & Sang-Bing Tsai & He-Jun Fan & Zhen-Yu Wang & Jiangtao Wang, 2018. "How Does a Staggered Board Provision Affect Corporate Strategic Change?—Evidence from China’s Listed Companies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-13, May.
  2. Schmeiser, Steven, 2012. "Corporate board dynamics: Directors voting for directors," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 82(2), pages 505-524.
  3. Ferrell, Allen & Liang, Hao & Renneboog, Luc, 2016. "Socially responsible firms," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 122(3), pages 585-606.
  4. Ferreira, Daniel & Kershaw, David & Kirchmaier, Tom & Schuster, Edmund, 2021. "Management insulation and bank failures," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 47(C).
  5. Ertugrul, Mine, 2015. "Bargaining power of targets: Takeover defenses and top-tier target advisors," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 48-78.
  6. Chaur-Shiuh Young & Liu-Ching Tsai & Pei-Gin Hsieh, 2008. "Voluntary Appointment of Independent Directors in Taiwan: Motives and Consequences," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(9-10), pages 1103-1137.
  7. Matthias Kiefer & Edward Jones & Andrew Adams, 2016. "Principals, Agents and Incomplete Contracts: Are Surrender of Control and Renegotiation the Solution?," CFI Discussion Papers 1603, Centre for Finance and Investment, Heriot Watt University.
  8. Bebchuk, Lucian Arye & Cohen, Alma, 2003. "Firms' Decisions Where to Incorporate," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 46(2), pages 383-425, October.
  9. Greene, William H. & Hornstein, Abigail S. & White, Lawrence J., 2009. "Multinationals do it better: Evidence on the efficiency of corporations' capital budgeting," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 16(5), pages 703-720, December.
  10. Rose, Morgan J., 2009. "Heterogeneous impacts of staggered boards by ownership concentration," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 15(1), pages 113-128, February.
  11. Heitzman, Shane, 2011. "Equity grants to target CEOs during deal negotiations," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(2), pages 251-271.
  12. Surjit Tinaikar, 2014. "Voluntary disclosure and ownership structure: an analysis of dual class firms," Journal of Management & Governance, Springer;Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA), vol. 18(2), pages 373-417, May.
  13. Becht, Marco & Bolton, Patrick & Roell, Ailsa, 2003. "Corporate governance and control," Handbook of the Economics of Finance, in: G.M. Constantinides & M. Harris & R. M. Stulz (ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Finance, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 1, pages 1-109, Elsevier.
  14. Donaldson, Jason & Piacentino, Giorgia & Malenko, Nadya, 2017. "Deadlock on the Board," CEPR Discussion Papers 12503, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  15. Ghosh, Chinmoy & Petrova, Milena, 2013. "Does deregulation induce competition in the market for corporate control? The special case of banking," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(12), pages 5220-5235.
  16. Lucian Arye Bebchuk & Jesse M. Fried, 2003. "Executive Compensation as an Agency Problem," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 17(3), pages 71-92, Summer.
  17. Moeller, Thomas, 2005. "Let's make a deal! How shareholder control impacts merger payoffs," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(1), pages 167-190, April.
  18. Martijn Cremers & Allen Ferrell, 2009. "Thirty Years of Corporate Governance: Firm Valuation & Stock Returns," Yale School of Management Working Papers amz2485, Yale School of Management, revised 08 Nov 2009.
  19. Sokolyk, Tatyana, 2011. "The effects of antitakeover provisions on acquisition targets," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 17(3), pages 612-627, June.
  20. Renee B. Adams & Benjamin E. Hermalin & Michael S. Weisbach, 2010. "The Role of Boards of Directors in Corporate Governance: A Conceptual Framework and Survey," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 48(1), pages 58-107, March.
  21. Bebchuk, Lucian A. & Cohen, Alma, 2005. "The costs of entrenched boards," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(2), pages 409-433, November.
  22. Ghosh, Chinmoy & Petrova, Milena & Xiao, Yihong, 2012. "Do REITs use cash reserves efficiently? Evidence from corporate acquisitions," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(7), pages 1953-1970.
  23. Yijiang Zhao & Kung H. Chen, 2008. "The Influence of Takeover Protection on Earnings Management," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(3‐4), pages 347-375, April.
  24. Håkan Jankensgård, 2019. "Does Managerial Power Increase Selective Hedging? Evidence from the Oil and Gas Industry," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-18, April.
  25. Liu, Tingting & Mulherin, J. Harold, 2018. "How has takeover competition changed over time?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 104-119.
  26. Mbanyele, William & Huang, Hongyun, 2024. "Staggered boards, agency costs and stock price crash risk: Evidence from China," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
  27. Daniel Ferreira & David Kershaw & Tom Kirchmaier & Edmund Schuster, "undated". "Shareholder Empowerment and Bank Bailouts," FMG Discussion Papers dp714, Financial Markets Group.
  28. Sikes, Stephanie A. & Tian, Xiaoli (Shaolee) & Wilson, Ryan, 2014. "Investors׳ reaction to the use of poison pills as a tax loss preservation tool," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 57(2), pages 132-148.
  29. repec:ipg:wpaper:1 is not listed on IDEAS
  30. Anne Anderson & Jill Brown & Parveen P. Gupta, 2017. "Jurisdictional competition for corporate charters and firm value: a reexamination of the Delaware effect," International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 14(4), pages 341-356, November.
  31. Lucian A. Bebchuk & Michael S. Weisbach, 2012. "The State of Corporate Governance Research," Springer Books, in: Sabri Boubaker & Bang Dang Nguyen & Duc Khuong Nguyen (ed.), Corporate Governance, edition 127, pages 325-346, Springer.
  32. Larcker, David F. & Ormazabal, Gaizka & Taylor, Daniel J., 2010. "The Market Reaction to Corporate Governance Regulation," Research Papers 2059, Stanford University, Graduate School of Business.
  33. Danielson, Morris G. & Karpoff, Jonathan M., 2006. "Do pills poison operating performance?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 12(3), pages 536-559, June.
  34. Armstrong, Christopher S. & Blouin, Jennifer L. & Larcker, David F., 2012. "The incentives for tax planning," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(1), pages 391-411.
  35. Bo Becker & Daniel Bergstresser & Guhan Subramanian, 2013. "Does Shareholder Proxy Access Improve Firm Value? Evidence from the Business Roundtable's Challenge," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 56(1), pages 127-160.
  36. Corum, Adrian Aycan & Levit, Doron, 2019. "Corporate control activism," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 133(1), pages 1-17.
  37. Zeng, James Si, 2021. "Does regulation of defensive tactics with mandatory rules benefit shareholders? Evidence from event studies in China," International Review of Law and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
  38. Field, Laura Casares & Lowry, Michelle, 2022. "Bucking the trend: Why do IPOs choose controversial governance structures and why do investors let them?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 146(1), pages 27-54.
  39. Stéphane Lhuillery, 2006. "The impact of corporate governance practices on R&D efforts: a look at shareholders’ rights, cross-listing and control pyramid," CEMI Working Papers cemi-report-2006-006, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Collège du Management de la Technologie, Management of Technology and Entrepreneurship Institute, Chaire en Economie et Management de l'Innovation, revised Apr 2009.
  40. Derek Horstmeyer & Kara Wells, 2020. "When Do Governance Mechanisms Matter Most?," Quarterly Journal of Finance (QJF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 10(01), pages 1-52, February.
  41. Bates, Thomas W. & Becher, David A. & Lemmon, Michael L., 2008. "Board classification and managerial entrenchment: Evidence from the market for corporate control," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 87(3), pages 656-677, March.
  42. Maximilian Sturm & Stephan Nüesch, 2019. "Strong shareholder rights, internal capital allocation efficiency, and the moderating role of market competition and external financing needs," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 13(1), pages 93-111, February.
  43. Matthias Benz & Bruno S. Frey, "undated". "Corporate Governance: What can we Learn from Public Governance?," IEW - Working Papers 166, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics - University of Zurich.
  44. Ecchia Giulio & Gelter Martin & Pasotti Piero, 2012. "Corporate Governance, Corporate and Employment Law, and the Costs of Expropriation," Review of Law & Economics, De Gruyter, vol. 8(2), pages 457-486, October.
  45. Hornstein, Abigail S., 2013. "Corporate capital budgeting and CEO turnover," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 20(C), pages 41-58.
  46. repec:ipg:wpaper:2014-604 is not listed on IDEAS
  47. Chen, Dong, 2012. "Classified boards, the cost of debt, and firm performance," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(12), pages 3346-3365.
  48. Hegde, Shantaram P. & Mishra, Dev R., 2017. "Strategic risk-taking and value creation: Evidence from the market for corporate control," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 212-234.
  49. Preeti Choudhary & Shivaram Rajgopal & Mohan Venkatachalam, 2009. "Accelerated Vesting of Employee Stock Options in Anticipation of FAS 123‐R," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(1), pages 105-146, March.
  50. Rowoldt, Maximilian & Starke, Dennis, 2016. "The role of governments in hostile takeovers – Evidence from regulation, anti-takeover provisions and government interventions," International Review of Law and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 1-15.
  51. Oğuzhan Karakas & Mahdi Mohseni, 2021. "Staggered Boards and the Value of Voting Rights [One share-one vote: The empirical evidence]," The Review of Corporate Finance Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 10(3), pages 513-550.
  52. Malhotra, Shavin & Morgan, Horatio M. & Zhu, Pengcheng, 2020. "Corporate governance and firms’ acquisition behavior: The role of antitakeover provisions," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 26-37.
  53. Baber, William R. & Gore, Angela K. & Rich, Kevin T. & Zhang, Jean X., 2013. "Accounting restatements, governance and municipal debt financing," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 56(2), pages 212-227.
  54. Guo, Re-Jin & Kruse, Timothy A. & Nohel, Tom, 2008. "Undoing the powerful anti-takeover force of staggered boards," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 14(3), pages 274-288, June.
  55. Mbanyele, William, 2021. "Staggered boards, unequal voting rights, poison pills and innovation intensity: New evidence from the Asian markets," International Review of Law and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
  56. Tristan Oliver Stenzaly, 2023. "The effect of staggered boards on firm value during market shocks," Financial Markets and Portfolio Management, Springer;Swiss Society for Financial Market Research, vol. 37(4), pages 457-497, December.
  57. Pascal Frantz & Norvald Instefjord, 2009. "Large shareholders and corporate governance," Economics of Governance, Springer, vol. 10(4), pages 297-321, November.
  58. repec:ipg:wpaper:2013-001 is not listed on IDEAS
  59. Hshieh, Shenje & Li, Jiasun & Tang, Yingcong, 2021. "How do passive funds act as active owners? Evidence from mutual fund voting records," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
  60. Fos, Vyacheslav & Tsoutsoura, Margarita, 2014. "Shareholder democracy in play: Career consequences of proxy contests," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 114(2), pages 316-340.
  61. Karpoff, Jonathan M. & Schonlau, Robert & Wehrly, Eric, 2022. "Which antitakeover provisions deter takeovers?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
  62. Low, Angie, 2009. "Managerial risk-taking behavior and equity-based compensation," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(3), pages 470-490, June.
  63. Low, Angie, 2006. "Managerial Risk-Taking Behavior and Equity-Based Compensation," Working Paper Series 2006-20, Ohio State University, Charles A. Dice Center for Research in Financial Economics.
  64. Sharon Hannes, 2006. "A Demand-Side Theory of Antitakeover Defenses," The Journal of Legal Studies, University of Chicago Press, vol. 35(2), pages 475-524, June.
  65. Banerjee, Suman & Humphery-Jenner, Mark & Nanda, Vikram, 2018. "Does CEO bias escalate repurchase activity?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 105-126.
  66. McCahery, J.A. & Renneboog, L.D.R., 2003. "The Economics of the Proposed European Takeover Directive," Other publications TiSEM b16fdfd0-9e4e-44bb-b20f-f, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
  67. Bruno-Laurent Moschetto & Frédéric Teulon, 2015. "Optimisation d’une stratégie anti- opa par limitation linéaire des droits de vote face à un investisseur hostile," Revue économique, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 66(6), pages 1067-1088.
  68. Jankensgård, Håkan & Andren, Niclas, 2014. "A Tide of Cash: Corporate Governance and the Management of Large Cash Windfalls," Knut Wicksell Working Paper Series 2014/1, Lund University, Knut Wicksell Centre for Financial Studies.
  69. Harris, Oneil & Madura, Jeff, 2010. "Cause and effects of poison pill adoptions by spinoff units," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 62(4), pages 307-330, July.
  70. Duru, Augustine & Wang, Dechun & Zhao, Yijiang, 2013. "Staggered boards, corporate opacity and firm value," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(2), pages 341-360.
  71. Claudio Loderer & Lukas Roth & Urs Waelchli & Petra Joerg, 2010. "Shareholder Value: Principles, Declarations, and Actions," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 39(1), pages 5-32, March.
  72. Chaur‐Shiuh Young & Liu‐Ching Tsai & Pei‐Gin Hsieh, 2008. "Voluntary Appointment of Independent Directors in Taiwan: Motives and Consequences," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(9‐10), pages 1103-1137, November.
  73. Becker-Blease, John R., 2011. "Governance and innovation," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 17(4), pages 947-958, September.
  74. Guernsey, Scott & Sepe, Simone M. & Serfling, Matthew, 2022. "Blood in the water: The value of antitakeover provisions during market shocks," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 143(3), pages 1070-1096.
  75. Bennedsen, Morten & Nielsen, Kasper Meisner & Nielsen, Thomas Vester, 2012. "Private contracting and corporate governance: Evidence from the provision of tag-along rights in Brazil," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 18(4), pages 904-918.
  76. Rauh, Joshua D., 2006. "Own company stock in defined contribution pension plans: A takeover defense?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(2), pages 379-410, August.
  77. Donald Kempf, 2008. "Corporate governance as religion," Journal of Regulatory Economics, Springer, vol. 33(1), pages 117-131, February.
  78. Arikawa, Yasuhiro & Mitsusada, Yosuke, 2011. "The adoption of poison pills and managerial entrenchment: Evidence from Japan," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 23(1), pages 63-77, January.
  79. Tarcisio da Graca & Robert Masson, 2013. "Corporate governance and abnormal returns from M&A: A structural analysis," RePAd Working Paper Series UQO-DSA-wp032013, Département des sciences administratives, UQO.
  80. Suparatana Tanthanongsakkun & Sirimon Treepongkaruna & Pornsit Jiraporn, 2023. "Carbon emissions, corporate governance, and staggered boards," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(1), pages 769-780, January.
  81. Kenneth Small & Seung Kwag & Joanne Li, 2015. "Do shareholder rights influence managerial propensity to engage in earnings management?," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 39(2), pages 308-326, April.
  82. repec:ipg:wpaper:2014-531 is not listed on IDEAS
  83. Robert Campbell & Chinmoy Ghosh & Milena Petrova & C. Sirmans, 2011. "Corporate Governance and Performance in the Market for Corporate Control: The Case of REITs," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 42(4), pages 451-480, May.
  84. Michael Klitzka & Jianan He & Dirk Schiereck, 2022. "The rationality of M&A targets in the choice of payment methods," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 16(4), pages 933-967, May.
  85. Ahn, Seoungpil & Shrestha, Keshab, 2013. "The differential effects of classified boards on firm value," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(11), pages 3993-4013.
  86. Marc Goergen & Christine A. Mallin & Eve Mitleton-Kelly & Ahmed Al-Hawamdeh & Iris H-Y Chiu, 2010. "Corporate Governance and Complexity Theory," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 13927.
  87. Faleye, Olubunmi, 2007. "Classified boards, firm value, and managerial entrenchment," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(2), pages 501-529, February.
  88. Bernard S. Black & Antonio Gledson de Carvalho & Érica C. R. Gorga, 2009. "The Corporate Governance of Privately Controlled Brazilian Firms," Brazilian Review of Finance, Brazilian Society of Finance, vol. 7(4), pages 385-428.
  89. Eckbo, B. Espen, 2009. "Bidding strategies and takeover premiums: A review," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 15(1), pages 149-178, February.
  90. Lily Qiu, 2004. "Which Institutional Investors Monitor? Evidence from Acquisition Activity," Yale School of Management Working Papers amz2497, Yale School of Management, revised 01 Jun 2006.
  91. Krishnan, C.N.V. & Masulis, Ronald W. & Thomas, Randall S. & Thompson, Robert B., 2012. "Shareholder litigation in mergers and acquisitions," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 18(5), pages 1248-1268.
  92. Lili Qiu, 2004. "Which Institutional Investors Monitor? Evidence from Acquisition Activity," Working Papers 2004-21, Brown University, Department of Economics.
  93. Nenova, Tatiana, 2006. "Takeover laws and financial development," Policy Research Working Paper Series 4029, The World Bank.
  94. Eisdorfer, Assaf & Giaccotto, Carmelo & White, Reilly, 2013. "Capital structure, executive compensation, and investment efficiency," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(2), pages 549-562.
  95. Chen, I-Ju & Hsu, Po-Hsuan & Wang, Yanzhi, 2022. "Staggered boards and product innovations: Evidence from Massachusetts State Bill HB 5640," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(4).
  96. C. N. V. Krishnan & Ronald W. Masulis & Randall S. Thomas & Robert B. Thompson, 2014. "Jurisdictional Effects in M&A Litigation," Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 11(1), pages 132-158, March.
  97. Frédéric Teulon & Bruno Laurent Moschetto, 2013. "Linear Voting Rule Limitation Strategy to Reduce the Power of a Unique New Comer in a Firm’s Capital," Working Papers 2013-1, Department of Research, Ipag Business School.
  98. Larcker, David F. & Ormazabal, Gaizka & Taylor, Daniel J., 2011. "The market reaction to corporate governance regulation," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 101(2), pages 431-448, August.
  99. Tarcisio da Graça & Robert Masson, 2016. "A structural event study for M&As: an application in corporate governance," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(45), pages 4350-4365, September.
  100. Gine, Mireia & Moussawi, Rabih & Sedunov, John, 2017. "Governance mechanisms and effective activism: Evidence from shareholder proposals on poison pills," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 185-202.
  101. Weili Ge & Lloyd Tanlu & Jenny Li Zhang, 2016. "What are the consequences of board destaggering?," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 21(3), pages 808-858, September.
  102. Bradley, Michael & Brav, Alon & Goldstein, Itay & Jiang, Wei, 2010. "Activist arbitrage: A study of open-ending attempts of closed-end funds," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(1), pages 1-19, January.
  103. Lily Qiu, 2004. "Which Institutional Investors Monitor? Evidence from Acquisition Activity," Yale School of Management Working Papers amz2497, Yale School of Management, revised 01 Jun 2006.
  104. Cremers, K. J. Martijn & Litov, Lubomir P. & Sepe, Simone M., 2013. "Staggered Boards and Firm Value, Revisited," Working Papers 13-36, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School, Weiss Center.
  105. Charles Chang & Paul Moon Sub Choi & Seth H. Huang, 2015. "Do Poorly Governed Acquirers Transfer Wealth to Targets in Cross-Border Acquisitions?," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 44(3), pages 475-498, September.
  106. Amihud, Yakov & Stoyanov, Stoyan, 2017. "Do staggered boards harm shareholders?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 123(2), pages 432-439.
  107. Gogineni, Sridhar & Upadhyay, Arun, 2020. "Target governance provisions and acquisition types," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 160-172.
  108. Goktan, M. Sinan & Kieschnick, Robert, 2012. "A target's perspective on the effects of ATPs in takeovers after recognizing its choice in the process," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 18(5), pages 1088-1103.
  109. Hani El-Chaarani & Rebecca Abraham & Yahya Skaf, 2022. "The Impact of Corporate Governance on the Financial Performance of the Banking Sector in the MENA (Middle Eastern and North African) Region: An Immunity Test of Banks for COVID-19," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-21, February.
  110. Carline, Nicholas F. & Linn, Scott C. & Yadav, Pradeep K., 2014. "Corporate governance and the nature of takeover resistance," CFR Working Papers 14-01, University of Cologne, Centre for Financial Research (CFR).
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