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Tariff Equivalent of Technical Barriers to Trade with Imperfect Substitution and Trade Costs
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- Chengyan Yue & John C. Beghin, 2017.
"Tariff Equivalent And Forgone Trade Effects Of Prohibitive Technical Barriers To Trade,"
World Scientific Book Chapters, in: John Christopher Beghin (ed.), Nontariff Measures and International Trade, chapter 8, pages 139-150,
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
- Chengyan Yue & John C. Beghin, 2009. "Tariff Equivalent and Forgone Trade Effects of Prohibitive Technical Barriers to Trade," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 91(4), pages 930-941.
- Yue, Chengyan & Beghin, John C., 2007. "The Tariff Equivalent and Forgone Trade Effects of Prohibitive Technical Barriers to Trade," Working Papers 7351, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- Yue, Chengyan & Beghin, John C., 2007. "The Tariff Equivalent and Forgone Trade Effects of Prohibitive Technical Barriers to Trade," 2007 Annual Meeting, July 29-August 1, 2007, Portland, Oregon 10000, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association).
- Yue, Chengyan & Beghin, John C., 2007. "The Tariff Equivalent and Forgone Trade Effects of Prohibitive Technical Barriers to Trade," Staff General Research Papers Archive 12852, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- Niemi, Jyrki S. & Peltola, Jukka & Simola, Antti, 2008. "Technical Barrier Effects of a Food Safety Measure – a Case of Finnish Salmonella Control Program," 2008 International Congress, August 26-29, 2008, Ghent, Belgium 43953, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
- Anne-Célia Disdier & Lionel Fontagné & Mondher Mimouni, 2008.
"The Impact of Regulations on Agricultural Trade: Evidence from the SPS and TBT Agreements,"
American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 90(2), pages 336-350.
- Anne-Célia Disdier & Lionel Fontagné & Mondher Mimouni, 2007. "The Impact of Regulations on Agricultural Trade: Evidence from SPS and TBT Agreements," Working Papers 2007-04, CEPII research center.
- Disdier, Anne-Celia & Fontagne, Lionel & Mimouni, Mondher, 2007. "The Impact of Regulations on Agricultural Trade: Evidence from SPS and TBT Agreements," Working Papers 18869, TRADEAG - Agricultural Trade Agreements.
- Anne-Célia Disdier & Lionel Fontagné & Mondher Mimouni, 2008. "The Impact of Regulations on Agricultural Trade: Evidence from SPS and TBT Agreements," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) hal-00274619, HAL.
- Anne-Célia Disdier & Lionel Fontagné & Mondher Mimouni, 2008. "The Impact of Regulations on Agricultural Trade: Evidence from SPS and TBT Agreements," Post-Print hal-00274619, HAL.
- Anne-Célia Disdier & Lionel Fontagné & Mondher Mimouni, 2008. "The Impact of Regulations on Agricultural Trade: Evidence from SPS and TBT Agreements," PSE-Ecole d'économie de Paris (Postprint) hal-00274619, HAL.
- Eyal RONEN, 2017.
"Quantifying the trade effects of NTMs: A review of the empirical literature,"
Journal of Economics and Political Economy, KSP Journals, vol. 4(3), pages 263-274, September.
- Ronen, Eyal, 2017. "Quantifying the Trade Effects of NTMs: A Review of the Empirical Literature," MPRA Paper 83730, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- John C. Beghin & Bo Xiong, 2016. "Economic Effects of Standard-Like Nontariff Measures: Analytical and Methodological Dimensions," Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) Publications 16-wp569, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University.
- Sampath Jayasinghe & John C. Beghin & Giancarlo Moschini, 2017.
"Determinants Of World Demand For U.S. Corn Seeds: The Role Of Trade Costs,"
World Scientific Book Chapters, in: John Christopher Beghin (ed.), Nontariff Measures and International Trade, chapter 17, pages 309-320,
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
- Sampath Jayasinghe & John C. Beghin & GianCarlo Moschini, 2010. "Determinants of World Demand for U.S. Corn Seeds: The Role of Trade Costs," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 92(4), pages 999-1010.
- Jayasinghe, Sampath & Beghin, John C. & Moschini, GianCarlo, 2008. "Determinants of World Demand for U.S. Corn Seeds: The Role of Trade Costs," 2008 Annual Meeting, July 27-29, 2008, Orlando, Florida 6402, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association).
- Jayasinghe, Sampath J.D.Y. & Beghin, John C. & Moschini, GianCarlo, 2010. "Determinants of World Demand for U.S. Corn Seeds: The Role of Trade Costs," Staff General Research Papers Archive 13018, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- Jayasinghe, Sampath & Beghin, John C. & Moschini, Giancarlo, 2010. "Determinants of World Demand for U.S. Corn Seeds: The Role of Trade Costs," ISU General Staff Papers 201007010700001505, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- Sampath Jayasinghe & John C. Beghin & GianCarlo Moschini, 2009. "Determinants of World Demand for U.S. Corn Seeds: The Role of Trade Costs," Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) Publications (archive only) 09-wp484, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University.
- Sampath Jayasinghe & John C. Beghin & GianCarlo Moschini, 2009. "Determinants of World Demand for U.S. Corn Seeds: The Role of Trade Costs," Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) Publications 09-wp484, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University.
- Jayasinghe, Sampath J.D.Y. & Beghin, John C. & Moschini, GianCarlo, 2010. "Determinants of World Demand for U.S. Corn Seeds: The Role of Trade Costs," Staff General Research Papers Archive 31493, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- Maria Cipollina & Luca Salvatici, 2008.
"Measuring Protection: Mission Impossible?,"
Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 22(3), pages 577-616, July.
- Salvatici, Luca & Cipollina, Maria, 2006. "Measuring Protection: Mission Impossible?," Working Papers 18876, TRADEAG - Agricultural Trade Agreements.
- repec:lic:licosd:36315 is not listed on IDEAS
- John Beghin & Mark Melatos, 2017.
"The Trade and Welfare Impacts of Australian Quarantine Policies: The Case of Pigmeat,"
World Scientific Book Chapters, in: John Christopher Beghin (ed.), Nontariff Measures and International Trade, chapter 15, pages 271-286,
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
- John Beghin & Mark Melatos, 2012. "The Trade and Welfare Impacts of Australian Quarantine Policies: The Case of Pigmeat," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(8), pages 1006-1021, August.
- Beghin, John C. & Melatos, Mark, 2011. "The Trade and Welfare Impact of Australian Quarantine Policies: The Case of Pigmeat," Staff General Research Papers Archive 34135, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- Beghin, John & Melatos, Mark, 2012. "The trade and welfare impact of Australian quarantine policies: the case of pigmeat," ISU General Staff Papers 201201010800001062, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- Beghin, John C. & Melatos, Mark, 2012. "The Trade and Welfare Impact of Australian Quarantine Policies: The Case of Pigmeat," Staff General Research Papers Archive 34134, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- Beghin, John C. & Melatos, Mark, 2012. "The trade and welfare impact of Australian quarantine policies: the case of pigmeat," ISU General Staff Papers 201201160800001062, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- Murat Genç & David Law, 2014. "A Gravity Model of Barriers to Trade in New Zealand," Treasury Working Paper Series 14/05, New Zealand Treasury.
- Keiichiro Honda, 2012. "Tariff equivalent of Japanese sanitary and phytosanitary: Econometric estimation of protocol for U.S.-Japanese apple trade," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 32(2), pages 1226-1237.
- Stéphan Marette & John Beghin, 2017.
"Are Standards Always Protectionist?,"
World Scientific Book Chapters, in: John Christopher Beghin (ed.), Nontariff Measures and International Trade, chapter 11, pages 179-192,
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
- Stéphan Marette & John Beghin, 2010. "Are Standards Always Protectionist?," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 18(1), pages 179-192, February.
- Stéphan Marette & John C. Beghin, 2007. "Are Standards Always Protectionist?," Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) Publications 07-wp450, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University.
- Stephan Marette & John Beghin, 2010. "Are standards always protectionist?," Post-Print hal-01172977, HAL.
- Stéphan Marette & John C. Beghin, 2007. "Are Standards Always Protectionist?," Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) Publications (archive only) 07-wp450, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University.
- Marette, Stephan & Beghin, John, 2010. "Are Standards Always Protectionist?," ISU General Staff Papers 201001010800001471, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- Marette, Stephan & Beghin, John C., 2010. "Are Standards Always Protectionist?," Staff General Research Papers Archive 12826, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- John C. Beghin & Miet Maertens & Johan Swinnen, 2017.
"Nontariff Measures and Standards in Trade and Global Value Chains,"
World Scientific Book Chapters, in: John Christopher Beghin (ed.), Nontariff Measures and International Trade, chapter 2, pages 13-38,
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
- John C. Beghin & Miet Maertens & Johan Swinnen, 2015. "Nontariff Measures and Standards in Trade and Global Value Chains," Annual Review of Resource Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 7(1), pages 425-450, October.
- Beghin, John C. & Miet Maertens & Johan Swinnen, 2015. "Non-Tariff Measures and Standards in Trade and Global Value Chains," Staff General Research Papers Archive 38976, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- Beghin, John & Maertens, Miet & Swinnen, Jo, 2015. "Non-Tariff Measures and Standards in Trade and Global Value Chains," 2015 Conference, August 9-14, 2015, Milan, Italy 212207, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
- John C. Beghin & Miet Maertens & Johan Swinnen, 2015. "Non-Tariff Measures and Standards in Trade and Global Value Chains," Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) Publications 15-wp554, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University.
- Beghin, John C & Maertens, Miet & Swinnen, Johan, 2015. "Non-Tariff Measures and Standards in Trade and Global Value Chains," Working Papers 200309, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Centre for Agricultural and Food Economics.
- Beghin, John & Maertens, Miet & Swinnen, Johan F.M., 2015. "Non-Tariff Measures and Standards in Trade and Global Value Chains," ISU General Staff Papers 201501010800001572, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- Beghin, John C. & Maertens, Miet & Swinnen, Johan, 2015. "Non-tariff measures and standards in trade and global value chains," ISU General Staff Papers 201502010800001005, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- Beghin, John C. & Miet Maertens & Johan Swinnen, 2015. "Non-Tariff Measures and Standards in Trade and Global Value Chains," Staff General Research Papers Archive 38908, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- John C. Beghin & Heidi Schweizer, 2021.
"Agricultural Trade Costs,"
Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 43(2), pages 500-530, June.
- Beghin, John C. & Schweizer, Heidi, 2020. "Agricultural Trade Costs," Staff Papers 304761, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Agricultural Economics.
- John C. Beghin & Heidi Schweizer, 2020. "Agricultural Trade Costs," Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) Publications 20-wp608, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University.
- Soon, Byung Min & Thompson, Wyatt, 2020. "Non-tariff barrier on chicken imports into Russia: Impact on production, trade and prices," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 42(3), pages 583-596.
- Wei, Xuan & Thornsbury, Suzanne, 2011. "Information Cost As A Prior Hurdle to Exporting," 2011 Annual Meeting, July 24-26, 2011, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 103622, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
- Ferrier, Peyton, 2014. "The Effects of Phytosanitary Regulations on U.S. Imports of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables," Economic Research Report 176199, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
- Frank van Tongeren & John Beghin & Stéphane Marette, 2009.
"A Cost-Benefit Framework for the Assessment of Non-Tariff Measures in Agro-Food Trade,"
OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers
21, OECD Publishing.
- van Tongeren, Frank & Beghin, John C. & Marette, Stephan, 2009. "A Cost-Benefit Framework for the Assessment of Non-Tariff Measures in Agro-Food Trade," Staff General Research Papers Archive 13146, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- Linda Calvin & Barry Krissoff & William Foster, 2008.
"Measuring the Costs and Trade Effects of Phytosanitary Protocols: A U.S.–Japanese Apple Example,"
Review of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 30(1), pages 120-135.
- Linda Calvin & Barry Krissoff & William Foster, 2008. "Measuring the Costs and Trade Effects of Phytosanitary Protocols: A U.S.–Japanese Apple Example," Review of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 30(1), pages 120-135.
- Agyekum, Michael & Jolly, Curtis M., 2017. "Peanut trade and aflatoxin standards in Europe: Economic effects on trading countries," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 114-128.
- Inaba, Masaru & Nutahara, Kengo, 2009.
"The role of investment wedges in the Carlstrom-Fuerst economy and business cycle accounting,"
Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 105(3), pages 200-203, December.
- Inaba, Masaru & Nutahara, Kengo, 2008. "The Role of Investment Wedges in the Carlstrom-Fuerst Economy and Business Cycle Accounting," MPRA Paper 8337, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- INABA Masaru & NUTAHARA Kengo, 2009. "The Role of Investment Wedges in the Carlstrom-Fuerst Economy and Business Cycle Accounting," Discussion papers 09030, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
- Soon, Byung Min & Thompson, Wyatt, 2016. "Measuring Non-Tariff Barriers by Combining Cointegration Tests and Simulation Models with an Application to Russian Chicken Imports," 2016 Annual Meeting, July 31-August 2, Boston, Massachusetts 235738, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
- Seok, Jun Ho & Saghaian, Sayed & Reed, Michael R., 2018. "The ‘Signaling Effect’ and the impact of high maximum residue limit standards on U.S. vegetable exports," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 150-159.
- Lawley, Chad, 2013. "Protectionism versus risk in screening for invasive species," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 65(3), pages 438-451.
- Juan José Echavarría & Iader Giraldo & Fernando Jaramillo, 2019.
"Cadenas globales de valor, crecimiento y protección arancelaria en Colombia,"
Borradores de Economia
1080, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
- Echavarría, Juan José & Giraldo, Iader & Jaramillo, Fernando, 2019. "Cadenas globales de valor, crecimiento y protección arancelaria en Colombia," Working papers 9, Red Investigadores de Economía.
- Nimenya, Nicodeme & Frahan, Bruno Henry de & Ndimira, Pascal-Firmin, 2008. "Quantifying non-tariff measures in international agricultural trade: a tariff equivalent of technical barriers to trade on African horticultural exports to the European markets," 2008 International Congress, August 26-29, 2008, Ghent, Belgium 44195, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
- Qianhui Gao & Shoichi Ito & Kolawole Ogundari & Hisamitsu Saito, 2016. "Evaluating Welfare Effects of Rice Import Quota in Japan: Based on Measuring Non-Tariff Barriers of SBS Rice Imports," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(8), pages 1-13, August.
- Sophie Drogue & Jean-Philippe Gervais, 2010. "Guidelines and methodology to analyze the different case studies," Working Papers hal-02818030, HAL.
- Marette Stéphan, 2016.
"Non-Tariff Measures When Alternative Regulatory Tools Can Be Chosen,"
Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization, De Gruyter, vol. 14(1), pages 1-17, May.
- Stéphan Marette, 2014. "Non-Tariff Measures when Alternative Regulatory Tools can be Chosen," FOODSECURE Working papers 27, LEI Wageningen UR.
- Stephan Marette, 2015. "Non-tariff measures when alternative regulatory tools can be chosen," Post-Print hal-01173067, HAL.
- Anne-Célia Disdier & Stéphan Marette, 2010.
"The Combination of Gravity and Welfare Approaches for Evaluating Nontariff Measures,"
American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 92(3), pages 713-726.
- Anne-Célia Disdier & Stéphan Marette, 2010. "The Combination of Gravity and Welfare Approaches for Evaluating Non-Tariff Measures," Post-Print halshs-00825280, HAL.
- Disdier, Anne-Célia & Marette, Stéphan, 2010. "The Combination of Gravity and Welfare Approaches for Evaluating Non-Tariff Measures," CEPREMAP Working Papers (Docweb) 1004, CEPREMAP.
- Agyekum Michael & Jolly Curtis M. & Thompson Henry, 2018. "Aflatoxins and Health Considerations in Consumer Food Choices in Ghana," Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization, De Gruyter, vol. 16(2), pages 1-12, November.
- Simone Caschili & Francesca Medda & Alan Wilson, 2015. "An Interdependent Multi-Layer Model: Resilience of International Networks," Networks and Spatial Economics, Springer, vol. 15(2), pages 313-335, June.
- Rickard, Bradley J. & Lei, Lei, 2010. "How important are sanitary and phytosanitary barriers in international markets for fresh fruit?," Working Papers 126974, Cornell University, Department of Applied Economics and Management.
- Annalisa Zezza & Federica Demaria & Maria Rosaria Pupo d'Andrea & Jo Swinnen & Giulia Meloni & Senne Vandevelde & Alessandro Olper & Daniele Curzi & Valentina Raimondi & Sophie Drogue, 2018. "Research for AGRI Committee - Agricultural trade: assessing reciprocity of standards," Working Papers hal-02787948, HAL.
- John C. Beghin & Miet Maertens & Johan Swinnen, 2017.
"Nontariff Measures and Standards in Trade and Global Value Chains,"
World Scientific Book Chapters,in: Nontariff Measures and International Trade, chapter 2, pages 13-38
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
- John C. Beghin & Miet Maertens & Johan Swinnen, 2015. "Nontariff Measures and Standards in Trade and Global Value Chains," Annual Review of Resource Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 7(1), pages 425-450, October.
- Beghin, John C. & Miet Maertens & Johan Swinnen, 2015. "Non-Tariff Measures and Standards in Trade and Global Value Chains," Staff General Research Papers Archive 38976, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- John C. Beghin & Miet Maertens & Johan Swinnen, 2015. "Non-Tariff Measures and Standards in Trade and Global Value Chains," Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) Publications 15-wp554, Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) at Iowa State University.
- John C. Beghin & Miet Maertens & Johan Swinnen, 2015. "Non-Tariff Measures and Standards in Trade and Global Value Chains," Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) Publications 15-wp554, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University.
- Beghin, John C & Maertens, Miet & Swinnen, Johan, 2015. "Non-Tariff Measures and Standards in Trade and Global Value Chains," Working Papers 200309, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Centre for Agricultural and Food Economics.
- Beghin, John & Maertens, Miet & Swinnen, Jo, 2015. "Non-Tariff Measures and Standards in Trade and Global Value Chains," 2015 Conference, August 9-14, 2015, Milan, Italy 212207, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
- Beghin, John C. & Miet Maertens & Johan Swinnen, 2015. "Non-Tariff Measures and Standards in Trade and Global Value Chains," Staff General Research Papers Archive 38908, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- John C Beghin & Miet Maertens & Johan Swinnen, 2015. "Non-Tariff Measures and Standards in Trade and Global Value Chains," LICOS Discussion Papers 36315, LICOS - Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance, KU Leuven.
- Sbarai, Nathalia & Miranda, Silvia Helena Galvao de, 2012. "Estimation of Tariff Equivalent for NTM on Brazilian beef exports to the European Union," 2012 Conference, August 18-24, 2012, Foz do Iguacu, Brazil 126496, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
- Uttam Kumar Deb, 2007. "Non-tariff barriers in agricultural trade - Perspectives from Bangladesh and Cambodia," STUDIES IN TRADE AND INVESTMENT, in: Studies in Trade and Investment - AGRICULTURAL TRADE - PLANTING THE SEEDS OF REGIONAL LIBERALIZATION IN ASIA, volume 60, pages 225-294 p, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP).
- Wei, Xuan & Thornsbury, Suzanne, 2009. "Information Cost: A Prior Hurdle to Exporting," 2009 Conference, August 16-22, 2009, Beijing, China 51745, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
- JINJI Naoto, 2009. "An Economic Theory of the SPS Agreement," Discussion papers 09033, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
- John C. Beghin & Bo Xiong, 2016.
"Economic Effects of Standard-Like Nontariff Measures: Analytical and Methodological Dimensions,"
Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) Publications
16-wp569, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University.
- John C. Beghin & Bo Xiong, 2016. "Economic Effects of Standard-Like Nontariff Measures: Analytical and Methodological Dimensions," Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) Publications 16-wp569, Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) at Iowa State University.
- Liu, Lan & Yue, Chengyan, 2013. "Investigating the impacts of time delays on trade," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 108-114.
- Uttam Kumar Deb, 2006. "Rules of Origin and Non-Tariff Barriers in Agricultural Trade: Perspectives from Bangladesh and Cambodia," Working Papers 1206, Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade (ARTNeT), an initiative of UNESCAP and IDRC, Canada..
- Rickard, Bradley J. & Gonsalves, Jana L., 2008. "How would compliance with dietary recommendations affect revenues for agricultural producers?," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(5), pages 422-433, October.
- Alejandro Plastina & Konstantinos Giannakas & Daniel Pick, 2011. "Market and Welfare Effects of Mandatory Country‐of‐Origin Labeling in the U.S. Specialty Crops Sector: An Application to Fresh Market Apples," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 77(4), pages 1044-1069, April.