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The demographics of inflation opinion surveys
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Cited by:
- Bernd Hayo & Florian Neumeier, 2022.
"Households’ inflation perceptions and expectations: survey evidence from New Zealand,"
International Economics and Economic Policy, Springer, vol. 19(1), pages 185-217, February.
- Bernd Hayo & Florian Neumeier, 2018. "Households’ Inflation Perceptions and Expectations: Survey Evidence from New Zealand," MAGKS Papers on Economics 201805, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, Department of Economics (Volkswirtschaftliche Abteilung).
- Bernd Hayo & Florian Neumeier, 2018. "Households’ Inflation Perceptions and Expectations: Survey Evidence from New Zealand," ifo Working Paper Series 255, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
- Hjalmarsson, Erik & Österholm, Pär, 2020.
"Heterogeneity in households’ expectations of housing prices – evidence from micro data,"
Journal of Housing Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
- Hjalmarsson, Erik & Österholm, Pär, 2019. "Heterogeneity in Households’ Expectations of Housing Prices – Evidence from Micro Data," Working Paper Series 383, Sveriges Riksbank (Central Bank of Sweden).
- Hjalmarsson, Erik & Österholm, Pär, 2019. "Heterogeneity in Households’ Expectations of Housing Prices – Evidence from Micro Data," Working Papers 2019:11, Örebro University, School of Business.
- Easaw, Joshy & Golinelli, Roberto & Malgarini, Marco, 2013. "What determines households inflation expectations? Theory and evidence from a household survey," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 1-13.
- Sheen, Jeffrey & Wang, Ben Zhe, 2023. "Do monetary condition news at the zero lower bound influence households’ expectations and readiness to spend?," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
- David-Jan Jansen & Matthias Neuenkirch, 2017.
"News Consumption, Political Preferences, and Accurate Views on Inflation,"
Research Papers in Economics
2017-03, University of Trier, Department of Economics.
- David-Jan Jansen & Matthias Neuenkirch, 2017. "News consumption, political preferences, and accurate views on inflation," DNB Working Papers 549, Netherlands Central Bank, Research Department.
- Demgensky, Lisa & Fritsche, Ulrich, 2023. "Narratives on the causes of inflation in Germany: First results of a pilot study," WiSo-HH Working Paper Series 77, University of Hamburg, Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Sciences, WISO Research Laboratory.
- Dräger, Lena & Lamla, Michael J. & Pfajfar, Damjan, 2020.
"The Hidden Heterogeneity of Inflation and Interest Rate Expectations: The Role of Preferences,"
Hannover Economic Papers (HEP)
dp-666, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, revised Feb 2023.
- Lena Dräger & Michael J. Lamla & Damjan Pfajfar & Lena Dräger & Michael Lamla, 2022. "The Hidden Heterogeneity of Inflation and Interest Rate Expectations: The Role of Preferences," CESifo Working Paper Series 9637, CESifo.
- Lena Dräger & Michael J. Lamla & Damjan Pfajfar, 2021. "The Hidden Heterogeneity of Inflation and Interest Rate Expectations: The Role of Preferences," Working Paper Series in Economics 402, University of Lüneburg, Institute of Economics.
- Michael J. Lamla & Lena Draeger & Damjan Pfajfar, 2013.
"Are Consumer Expectations Theory-Consistent? The Role of Macroeconomic Determinants and Central Bank Communication,"
KOF Working papers
13-345, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich.
- Lamla, Michael & Dräger, Lena & Pfajfar, Damjan, 2015. "Are Consumer Expectations Theory-Consistent? The Role of Macroeconomic Determinants and Central Bank Communication," VfS Annual Conference 2015 (Muenster): Economic Development - Theory and Policy 113170, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
- Lena Dräger & Michael J. Lamla & Damjan Pfajfar, 2014. "Are Consumer Expectations Theory-Consistent? The Role of Macroeconomic Determinants and Central Bank Communication," Macroeconomics and Finance Series 201401, University of Hamburg, Department of Socioeconomics.
- Dräger, L. & Lamla, M.J. & Pfajfar, D., 2013. "Are Consumer Expectations Theory-Consistent? The Role of Macroeconomic Determinants and Central Bank Communication," Discussion Paper 2013-063, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
- Lanne, Markku & Luoma, Arto & Luoto, Jani, 2009.
"A naïve sticky information model of households' inflation expectations,"
Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 33(6), pages 1332-1344, June.
- Lanne, Markku & Luoma, Arto & Luoto, Jani, 2008. "A Naïve Sticky Information Model of Households’ Inflation Expectations," MPRA Paper 8663, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Malka de Castro Campos & Federica Teppa, 2016. "Individual inflation expectations in a declining-inflation environment: Evidence from survey data," DNB Working Papers 508, Netherlands Central Bank, Research Department.
- Ehrmann, Michael & Tzamourani, Panagiota, 2012.
"Memories of high inflation,"
European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 28(2), pages 174-191.
- Ehrmann, Michael & Tzamourani, Panagiota, 2009. "Memories of high inflation," Working Paper Series 1095, European Central Bank.
- repec:zbw:bofrdp:2021_010 is not listed on IDEAS
- Vedran Lesic & Richard E. Hodgett & Alan Pearman & Amy Peace, 2019. "How to Improve Impact Reporting for Sustainability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-21, March.
- Binder, Carola Conces, 2015. "Whose expectations augment the Phillips curve?," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 35-38.
- Carola Binder, 2021. "Presidential antagonism and central bank credibility," Economics and Politics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 244-263, July.
- Bruine de Bruin, Wändi & van der Klaauw, Wilbert & Topa, Giorgio, 2011.
"Expectations of inflation: The biasing effect of thoughts about specific prices,"
Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 32(5), pages 834-845.
- Wändi Bruine de Bruin & Giorgio Topa & Wilbert Van der Klaauw, 2011. "Expectations of inflation: the biasing effect of thoughts about specific prices," Staff Reports 489, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
- Yusuf Soner Baskaya & Hakan Kara & Defne Mutluer, 2008. "Expectations, Communication and Monetary Policy in Turkey," Working Papers 0801, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.
- Coibion, Olivier & Gorodnichenko, Yuriy & Kumar, Saten & Pedemonte, Mathieu, 2020.
"Inflation expectations as a policy tool?,"
Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
- Olivier Coibion & Yuriy Gorodnichenko & Saten Kumar & Mathieu Pedemonte, 2019. "Inflation Expectations as a Policy Tool?," NBER Chapters, in: NBER International Seminar on Macroeconomics 2019, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Olivier Coibion & Yuriy Gorodnichenko & Saten Kumar & Mathieu Pedemonte, 2018. "Inflation Expectations as a Policy Tool?," NBER Working Papers 24788, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Olivier Coibion & Yuriy Gorodnichenko & Saten Kumar & Mathieu Pedemonte, 2018. "Inflation Expectations as a Policy Tool?," Working Papers 2019-06, Auckland University of Technology, Department of Economics.
- Michael Ehrmann & Sylvester Eijffinger & Marcel Fratzscher, 2012.
"The Role of Central Bank Transparency for Guiding Private Sector Forecasts,"
Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 114(3), pages 1018-1052, September.
- Eijffinger, Sylvester & Ehrmann, Michael & Fratzscher, Marcel, 2009. "The role of central bank transparency for guiding private sector forecasts," CEPR Discussion Papers 7585, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Ehrmann, Michael & Eijffinger, Sylvester & Fratzscher, Marcel, 2010. "The role of central bank transparency for guiding private sector forecasts," Working Paper Series 1146, European Central Bank.
- Ehrmann, M. & Eijffinger, S.C.W. & Fratzcher, M., 2010. "The Role of Central Bank Transparency for Guiding Private Sector Forecasts," Other publications TiSEM 25125044-98fc-44b3-8698-3, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
- Olivier Armantier & Wändi Bruine de Bruin & Julie S. Downs & Baruch Fischhoff & Giorgio Topa & Wilbert Van der Klaauw, 2010. "The effect of question wording on reported expectations and perceptions of inflation," Staff Reports 443, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
- Wändi Bruine de Bruin & Michael F. Bryan & Simon M. Potter & Giorgio Topa & Wilbert Van der Klaauw, 2008. "Rethinking the measurement of household inflation expectations: preliminary findings," Staff Reports 359, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
- Lena Dräger & Giang Nghiem, 2021.
"Are Consumers' Spending Decisions in Line with A Euler Equation?,"
The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 103(3), pages 580-596, July.
- Lena Dräger & Giang Nghiem, 2016. "Are Consumers’ Spending Decisions in Line With an Euler Equation?," Working Papers 1802, Gutenberg School of Management and Economics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, revised 26 Jan 2018.
- Ewa Stanisławska, 2019.
"Consumers’ Perception of Inflation in Inflationary and Deflationary Environment,"
Journal of Business Cycle Research, Springer;Centre for International Research on Economic Tendency Surveys (CIRET), vol. 15(1), pages 41-71, April.
- Ewa Stanisławska, 2019. "Consumers’ perception of inflation in inflationary and deflationary environment," NBP Working Papers 301, Narodowy Bank Polski.
- Coleman, Winnie & Nautz, Dieter, 2021.
"Inflation expectations, inflation target credibility and the COVID-19 pandemic: New evidence from Germany,"
CFS Working Paper Series
658, Center for Financial Studies (CFS).
- Coleman, Winnie & Nautz, Dieter, 2021. "Inflation expectations, inflation target credibility and the COVID-19 pandemic: New evidence from Germany," Discussion Papers 2021/12, Free University Berlin, School of Business & Economics.
- Dietrich, Alexander M. & Kuester, Keith & Müller, Gernot J. & Schoenle, Raphael, 2022.
"News and uncertainty about COVID-19: Survey evidence and short-run economic impact,"
Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 129(S), pages 35-51.
- Alexander Dietrich & Keith Kuester & Gernot J. Müller & Raphael Schoenle, 2020. "News and Uncertainty about COVID-19: Survey Evidence and Short-Run Economic Impact," Working Papers 20-12R, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, revised 22 Dec 2021.
- Alexander M. Dietrich & Keith Kuester & Gernot J. Müller & Raphael S. Schoenle, 2020. "News and uncertainty about COVID-19: Survey evidence and short-run economic impact," ECONtribute Policy Brief Series 004, University of Bonn and University of Cologne, Germany.
- Müller, Gernot & Dietrich, Alexander & Kuester, Keith & Schoenle, Raphael, 2021. "News and uncertainty about COVID-19: Survey evidence and short-run economic impact," CEPR Discussion Papers 16766, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Pfajfar, Damjan, 2013.
"Formation of rationally heterogeneous expectations,"
Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 37(8), pages 1434-1452.
- Pfajfar, D., 2012. "Formation of Rationally Heterogeneous Expectations," Other publications TiSEM f256da5c-c711-49c8-bd12-9, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
- Pfajfar, D., 2012. "Formation of Rationally Heterogeneous Expectations," Discussion Paper 2012-083, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
- Jetter, Michael & Magnusson, Leandro M. & Roth, Sebastian, 2020.
"Becoming sensitive: Males’ risk and time preferences after the 2008 financial crisis,"
European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
- Michael Jetter & Leandro M. Magnusson & Sebastian Roth, 2020. "Becoming sensitive: Males’ risk and time preferences after the 2008 Financial Crisis," Economics Discussion / Working Papers 20-09, The University of Western Australia, Department of Economics.
- Jetter, Michael & Magnusson, Leandro & Roth, Sebastian, 2020. "Becoming Sensitive: Males' Risk and Time Preferences after the 2008 Financial Crisis," IZA Discussion Papers 13054, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Reid, Monique & Siklos, Pierre & Plessis, Stan Du, 2021.
"What drives household inflation expectations in South Africa? Demographics and anchoring under inflation targeting,"
Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 45(3).
- Stan Du Plessis & Monique Reid & Pierre Siklos, 2018. "What drives household inflation expectations in South Africa? Demographics and anchoring under inflation targeting," CAMA Working Papers 2018-48, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
- Rodolfo Arioli & Colm Bates & Heinz Dieden & Ioana Duca & Roberta Friz & Christian Gayer & Geoff Kenny & Aidan Meyler & Iskra Pavlova, 2016.
"EU Consumers’ Quantitative Inflation Perceptions and Expectations: An Evaluation,"
European Economy - Discussion Papers
038, Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN), European Commission.
- Arioli, Rodolfo & Bates, Colm & Dieden, Heinz Christian & Duca, Ioana & Friz, Roberta & Gayer, Christian & Kenny, Geoff & Meyler, Aidan & Pavlova, Iskra, 2017. "EU consumers’ quantitative inflation perceptions and expectations: an evaluation," Occasional Paper Series 186, European Central Bank.
- Stanisławska, Ewa & Paloviita, Maritta, 2021.
"Medium- vs. short-term consumer inflation expectations: Evidence from a new euro area survey,"
Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers
10/2021, Bank of Finland.
- Ewa Stanisławska & Maritta Paloviita, 2021. "Medium- vs. short-term consumer inflation expectations: evidence from a new euro area survey," NBP Working Papers 338, Narodowy Bank Polski.
- Dräger, Lena & Lamla, Michael J. & Pfajfar, Damjan, 2016.
"Are survey expectations theory-consistent? The role of central bank communication and news,"
European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 84-111.
- Lena Dräger & Michael Lamla & Damjan Pfajfar, 2015. "Are Survey Expectations Theory-Consistent? The Role of Central Bank Communication and News," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2015-35, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
- Ueno, Yuko, 2014. "Updating Behavior of Inflation Expectations: Evidence from Japanese Household Panel Data," CIS Discussion paper series 617, Center for Intergenerational Studies, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University.
- Baumann, Ursel & Darracq Pariès, Matthieu & Westermann, Thomas & Riggi, Marianna & Bobeica, Elena & Meyler, Aidan & Böninghausen, Benjamin & Fritzer, Friedrich & Trezzi, Riccardo & Jonckheere, Jana & , 2021. "Inflation expectations and their role in Eurosystem forecasting," Occasional Paper Series 264, European Central Bank.
- An, Zidong & Binder, Carola & Sheng, Xuguang Simon, 2023. "Gas price expectations of Chinese households," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
- Lena Dräger & Michael J. Lamla & Damjan Pfajfar, 2020. "The Hidden Heterogeneity of Inflation Expectations and its Implications," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2020-054, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
- Branch, William A., 2007. "Sticky information and model uncertainty in survey data on inflation expectations," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 245-276, January.
- Carlos Medel, 2021. "Searching for the Best Inflation Forecasters within a Consumer Perceptions Survey: Microdata Evidence from Chile," Working Papers Central Bank of Chile 899, Central Bank of Chile.
- Bruine de Bruin, Wändi & van der Klaauw, Wilbert & van Rooij, Maarten & Teppa, Federica & de Vos, Klaas, 2017. "Measuring expectations of inflation: Effects of survey mode, wording, and opportunities to revise," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 45-58.
- Gaurav Kumar Singh & Tathagata Bandyopadhyay, 2024. "Determinants of disagreement: Learning from inflation expectations survey of households," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 43(2), pages 326-343, March.
- Yusuke Takahashi & Yoichiro Tamanyu, 2022. "Households' Perceived Inflation and CPI Inflation: the Case of Japan," Bank of Japan Working Paper Series 22-E-1, Bank of Japan.
- Bruine de Bruin, Wändi & van der Klaauw, Wilbert & Topa, Giorgio & Downs, Julie S. & Fischhoff, Baruch & Armantier, Olivier, 2012. "The effect of question wording on consumers’ reported inflation expectations," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 33(4), pages 749-757.
- Carola Conces Binder & Gillian Brunet, 2022. "Inflation expectations and consumption: Evidence from 1951," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 60(2), pages 954-974, April.
- Bovi, Maurizio, 2013. "Are the representative agent’s beliefs based on efficient econometric models?," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 633-648.
- Michael J. Lamla & Sarah Lein, 2010. "The Euro Cash Changeover, Inflation Perceptions and the Media," KOF Working papers 10-254, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich.
- Duca, Ioana A. & Kenny, Geoff & Reuter, Andreas, 2018.
"Inflation expectations, consumption and the lower bound: micro evidence from a large euro area survey,"
Working Paper Series
2196, European Central Bank.
- Ioana A. Duca & Geoff Kenny & Andreas Reuter, 2019. "Inflation Expectations, Consumption and the Lower Bound: Micro Evidence from a Large Euro Area Survey," European Economy - Discussion Papers 092, Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN), European Commission.
- Stanisławska, Ewa & Paloviita, Maritta, 2021. "Responsiveness of consumers' medium-term inflation expectations : evidence from a new euro area survey," Research Discussion Papers 10/2021, Bank of Finland.
- Jain, Monica & Kostyshyna, Olena & Zhang, Xu, 2024. "How do people view wage and price inflation?," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
- Niu, Xiaoxiao & Harvey, Nigel, 2022. "Context effects in inflation surveys: The influence of additional information and prior questions," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(3), pages 988-1004.
- Georganas, Sotiris & Healy, Paul J. & Li, Nan, 2014. "Frequency bias in consumers׳ perceptions of inflation: An experimental study," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 144-158.
- Stanisławska, Ewa & Paloviita, Maritta & Łyziak, Tomasz, 2019. "Assessing reliability of aggregated inflation views in the European Commission consumer survey," Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers 10/2019, Bank of Finland.
- Ashima Goyal & Prashant Mehul Parab, 2019.
"Modeling Consumers' Confidence and Inflation Expectations,"
Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 39(3), pages 1817-1832.
- Ashima Goyal & Prashant Parab, 2019. "Modeling consumers' confidence and inflation expectations," Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai Working Papers 2019-025, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai, India.
- Stix, Helmut, 2009. "Perceived inflation and the euro: Evidence from an Austrian survey," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 25(4), pages 547-561, December.
- Li, Shaoyu & Wei, Lijia & Xu, Zhiwei, 2017. "Dynamic asset allocation and consumption under inflation inequality: The impacts of inflation experiences and expectations," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 113-125.
- Charles Bellemare & Rolande Kpekou Tossou & Kevin Moran, 2020. "The Determinants of Consumers' Inflation Expectations: Evidence from the US and Canada," Staff Working Papers 20-52, Bank of Canada.
- Michael J. Lamla & Lena Draeger & Damjan Pfajfar, 2013.
"Are Consumer Expectations Theory-Consistent? The Role of Macroeconomic Determinants and Central Bank Communication,"
KOF Working papers
13-345, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich.
- Dräger, L. & Lamla, M.J. & Pfajfar, D., 2013. "Are Consumer Expectations Theory-Consistent? The Role of Macroeconomic Determinants and Central Bank Communication," Other publications TiSEM 4d696071-8776-4191-a84f-f, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
- Lamla, Michael & Dräger, Lena & Pfajfar, Damjan, 2015. "Are Consumer Expectations Theory-Consistent? The Role of Macroeconomic Determinants and Central Bank Communication," VfS Annual Conference 2015 (Muenster): Economic Development - Theory and Policy 113170, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
- Lena Dräger & Michael J. Lamla & Damjan Pfajfar, 2014. "Are Consumer Expectations Theory-Consistent? The Role of Macroeconomic Determinants and Central Bank Communication," Macroeconomics and Finance Series 201401, University of Hamburg, Department of Socioeconomics.
- Dräger, L. & Lamla, M.J. & Pfajfar, D., 2013. "Are Consumer Expectations Theory-Consistent? The Role of Macroeconomic Determinants and Central Bank Communication," Discussion Paper 2013-063, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
- Chua, Chew Lian & Tsiaplias, Sarantis, 2024. "The influence of supermarket prices on consumer inflation expectations," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 219(C), pages 414-433.
- Bańnkowska, Katarzyna & Borlescu, Ana Maria & Charalambakis, Evangelos & Da Silva, António Dias & Di Laurea, Davide & Dossche, Maarten & Georgarakos, Dimitris & Honkkila, Juha & Kennedy, Neale & Kenny, 2021. "ECB Consumer Expectations Survey: an overview and first evaluation," Occasional Paper Series 287, European Central Bank.
- Ashima Goyal & Prashant Parab, 2019. "Modeling heterogeneity and rationality of inflation expectations across Indian households," Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai Working Papers 2019-02, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai, India.
- Leonardo Becchetti & Iftekhar Hasan & George Mavrotas, 2005. "Education, Financial Institutions, Inflation and Growth," WIDER Working Paper Series RP2005-72, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
- Jannie Rossouw & Fanie Joubert, 2005. "Supporting An Inflation Targeting Policy With The Measurement Of Inflation Credibility," South African Journal of Economics, Economic Society of South Africa, vol. 73(2), pages 321-336, June.
- Abildgren, Kim & Kuchler, Andreas, 2021. "Revisiting the inflation perception conundrum," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
- Jannie Rossouw & Vishnu Padayachee, 2009. "Measuring Inflation Credibility: Results Of A First Representative South African Sample," South African Journal of Economics, Economic Society of South Africa, vol. 77(2), pages 314-331, June.
- Coleman, Winnie & Nautz, Dieter, 2022. "Inflation Expectations, Inflation Target Credibility and the COVID-19 Pandemic: New Evidence from Germany," VfS Annual Conference 2022 (Basel): Big Data in Economics 264094, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
- Jakob de Haan & Marco Hoeberichts & Renske Maas & Federica Teppa, 2016. "Inflation in the euro area and why it matters," DNB Occasional Studies 1403, Netherlands Central Bank, Research Department.