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Kostenbeteiligung für Patienten - Reformansatz ohne Evidenz! Theoretische Betrachtungen und empirische Befunde aus Industrieländern

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  • Holst, Jens

Abstract

Die internationale Gesundheitssystemforschung zeigt in praktisch allen Industrieländern einen einheitlichen Trend auf: die zunehmende Verlagerung der Kosten von der solidarischen Finanzierung auf die privaten Haushalte. Gesetzgeber wie Berater begründen dies üblicherweise mit der Stärkung von Kostenbewusstsein und vor allem der Eigenverantwortung. Wirtschaftswissenschaftler betrachten Selbstbeteiligungen in der Gesundheitsversorgung als notwendig, um dem Missbrauch der Solidargemeinschaft entgegenzuwirken. Von Gebühren und Zuzahlungen erwarten sie eine vernünftigere Inanspruchnahme der Gesundheitsleistungen und eine finanzielle Stabilisierung der Systeme. Die Sicht vieler Politiker und Wirtschaftsexperten auf den Gesundheitsmarkt ist durch das Theorem des versichertenseitigen Moral Hazard geprägt. Dieses Modell macht Kran-kenversicherte zu rationalen Nutzenmaximierern, die zum eigenen Vorteil über den Bedarf hinaus Leistungen in Anspruch nähmen und dadurch gesamtgesellschaftliche Wohlfahrtsverluste verursachten. Moral Hazard in der Krankenversicherung gehört zum Standard-Repertoire ökonomischer Lehrbücher. Die vorliegende Arbeit wertet die umfangreiche Literatur über Ansätze und Versuche der Kostenbeteiligung von Patienten aus, die in den letzten vier Jahrzehnten erschienen ist. Dabei stellt sich heraus, dass belastbare Belege für das Moral-Hazard-Verhalten von Versicherten bzw. Patienten bisher fehlen und die üblicherweise angeführte Empirie für den Nachweis ungeeignet ist. Gesundheitswissenschaftliche, versorgungsbezogene und klinische Studien legen vielmehr nahe, dass die Versicherten das System nicht ausnutzen wollen oder können. Die Einführung von Kostenbeteiligungen für Patienten scheint eher die bedarfsgerechte Versorgung zu gefährden, weil sie Kranke von der Inanspruchnahme abhalten. Die Vorstellung von der rationalen Nutzung des Gesundheitswesens entpuppt sich als realitätsfremd. Nach gründlicher Auswertung des Forschungsstandes kommt der Autor zum Schluss, dass Moral Hazard in der Krankenversicherung ein Popanz der akademischen Wirtschaftstheorie geblieben ist. Für die Einführung von Kostenbeteiligungen für Patienten fehlt es an hinrei-chender realitätsbasierter Evidenz. In Anbetracht der schädlichen versorgungspolitischen Effekte erscheinen die Rücknahme aller Patientenzuzahlungen und der Verzicht auf Selbstbeteiligungen geboten.

Suggested Citation

  • Holst, Jens, 2008. "Kostenbeteiligung für Patienten - Reformansatz ohne Evidenz! Theoretische Betrachtungen und empirische Befunde aus Industrieländern," Discussion Papers, Research Group Public Health SP I 2008-305, WZB Berlin Social Science Center.
  • Handle: RePEc:zbw:wzbhea:spi2008305
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