IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/88972.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Socio-Economic Well-Being and Women Status in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Ashraf, Iram
  • Ali, Amjad

Abstract

This study has analyzed the effect of socioeconomic well-being on women's status in case of Pakistan. To overview the women's status in case of Pakistan, a comprehensive index is constructed by using social, economic and political status of women. This study follows the methodology of United Nations Development Program (UNDP) gender inequality index. Globalization, financial development, economic deprivation, secondary school enrollment and human development index have some selected explanatory variables, whereas gender inequality index (women's status) is dependent variable. The data has been used from the period of 1980 to 2014. Following the properties, differentiation of the data, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Philips-Perron (PP) and Dickey-Fuller Generalized Least Squares (DF-GLS) unit root tests have been applied to check the stationarity of the variables. All variables have different order of integration, which support for Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) for observing the co-integration between the variables of the model. VECM model is used for short-run relationship of the variables. The findings of this study approve the presence of co-integration among the selected variables of the model. The results of the study illustrate that globalization has significant and negative long run relationship with women's status. This explains that by increasing the globalization the level of women's status is falling in Pakistan. The long run results reveal that economic deprivation is negatively related to gender inequality index which shows that by rising economic deprivation women's status also rise in Pakistan. The secondary school enrollment and human development index have a positive relation to the women's status, it explains by educating society and by increasing the human development the women's status can be improved. Economic deprivation has a significant and negative relationship with gender inequality index in Pakistan. This reveals that when level of economic deprivation decreases, more women join the labor force and this increase the overall women's status in case of Pakistan. The financial development has negative and insignificant relation to the gender inequality index. The study suggests that for attaining the desired level of women's status, Pakistan should improve its socioeconomic structure.

Suggested Citation

  • Ashraf, Iram & Ali, Amjad, 2018. "Socio-Economic Well-Being and Women Status in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis," MPRA Paper 88972, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:88972
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/88972/1/MPRA_paper_88972.pdf
    File Function: original version
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. M. Hashem Pesaran & Ron P. Smith, 1998. "Structural Analysis of Cointegrating VARs," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 12(5), pages 471-505, December.
    2. M. Hashem Pesaran & Yongcheol Shin & Richard J. Smith, 2001. "Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(3), pages 289-326.
    3. Zareen F. Naqvi & Lubna Shahnaz, 2002. "How Do Women Decide to Work in Pakistan?," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 41(4), pages 495-513.
    4. Rehana Siddiqui & Rizwana Siddiqui, 1998. "A Decomposition of Male-Female Earnings Differentials," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 37(4), pages 885-898.
    5. Marc Audi & Amjad Ali, 2016. "A Causality and Co-integration Analysis of Some Selected Socio-Economic Determinants of Fertility: Empirics from Tunisia," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 5(1), pages 20-36, March.
    6. Claudia Goldin, 1994. "The U-Shaped Female Labor Force Function in Economic Development and Economic History," NBER Working Papers 4707, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    7. Wood, Adrian, 1991. "How Much Does Trade with the South Affect Workers in the North?," The World Bank Research Observer, World Bank, vol. 6(1), pages 19-36, January.
    8. Abdul Hakim & Azra Aziz, 1998. "Socio-cultural, Religious, and Political Aspects of the Status of Women in Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 37(4), pages 727-746.
    9. Neumayer, Eric & de Soysa, Indra, 2011. "Globalization and the Empowerment of Women: An Analysis of Spatial Dependence via Trade and Foreign Direct Investment," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 39(7), pages 1065-1075, July.
    10. Esther Duflo, 2012. "Women Empowerment and Economic Development," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 50(4), pages 1051-1079, December.
    11. Iram Ashraf & Amjad Ali, 2018. "Socio-Economic Well-Being and Women Status in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 7(2), pages 46-58, June.
    12. Dollar, David & Kraay, Aart, 2002. "Growth Is Good for the Poor," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 7(3), pages 195-225, September.
    13. Becker, Gary S., 1971. "The Economics of Discrimination," University of Chicago Press Economics Books, University of Chicago Press, edition 2, number 9780226041162, October.
    14. Johannes Jutting & Christian Morrisson & Jeff Dayton-Johnson & Denis Drechsler, 2008. "Measuring Gender (In)Equality: The OECD Gender, Institutions and Development Data Base," Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 9(1), pages 65-86.
    15. Gray, Mark M. & Kittilson, Miki Caul & Sandholtz, Wayne, 2006. "Women and Globalization: A Study of 180 Countries, 1975–2000," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 60(2), pages 293-333, April.
    16. World Bank, 2001. "World Development Report 2000/2001," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 11856.
    17. Zeba Ayesha Sathar & Shahnaz Kazi, 2000. "Women’s Autonomy in the Context of Rural Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 39(2), pages 89-110.
    18. Morrisson, Christian & Jutting, Johannes P., 2005. "Women's discrimination in developing countries: A new data set for better policies," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 33(7), pages 1065-1081, July.
    19. Jane L. Parpart, 1993. "Who is the ‘Other‘?: A Postmodern Feminist Critique of Women and Development Theory and Practice," Development and Change, International Institute of Social Studies, vol. 24(3), pages 439-464, July.
    20. Christian Morrisson & Johannes Jütting, 2004. "The Impact of Social Institutions on the Economic Role of Women in Developing Countries," OECD Development Centre Working Papers 234, OECD Publishing.
    21. Faridi, Muhammad Zahir & Chaudhry, Imran Sharif & Anwar, Mumtaz, 2009. "The Socio-Economic and Demographic Determinants of Women Work Participation in Pakistan: Evidence from Bahawalpur District," MPRA Paper 22831, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Potrafke, Niklas & Ursprung, Heinrich W., 2012. "Globalization and gender equality in the course of development," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 28(4), pages 399-413.
    2. Shakil Ahmad & Muhammad Waqas Khan, 2021. "Investigating The Effect Of Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi) And Foreign Remittances On Economic Growth In Pakistan (1990-2018): A Time Series Analysis Using Ardl Model Approach," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 10(1), pages 1-7, March.
    3. Oludele Akinboade & Emilie Kinfack, 2014. "An Econometric Analysis of the Relationship Between Millennium Development Goals, Economic Growth and Financial Development in South Africa," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 118(2), pages 775-795, September.
    4. Ahmad Latif & Rimsha Javed, 2021. "Does Economic Growth, Population Growth And Energy Use Impact Carbondioxide Emissions In Pakistan? An Ardl Approach," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 10(2), pages 85-91, June.
    5. Ho, Sin-Yu & Njindan Iyke, Bernard, 2018. "Financial Development, Growth and Poverty Reduction: Evidence from Ghana," MPRA Paper 87121, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    6. Boris Branisa & Carolina Cardona, 2015. "Social Institutions and Gender Inequality in Fragile States: Are They Relevant for the Post-MDG Debate?," Southern Voice Occasional Paper 21, Southern Voice.
    7. Marc Audi & Amjad Ali, 2016. "A Causality and Co-integration Analysis of Some Selected Socio-Economic Determinants of Fertility: Empirics from Tunisia," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 5(1), pages 20-36, March.
    8. Tariq Hussain & Ahmad Raza Ul Mustafa & Makhdum M.I. & Kaleem Ullah, 2022. "Defense Expenditures, Fiscal Deficit And Debt Servicing Nexus: A Case Study Of Pakistan," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 11(2), pages 74-83, June.
    9. Shakil Ahmad & Muhammad Waqas Khan, 2021. "Investigating The Effect Of Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi) And Foreign Remittances On Economic Growth In Pakistan (1990-2018): A Time Series Analysis Using Ardl Model Approach," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 10(3), pages 1-7, September.
    10. Hassan Ajmal & Amna Khalid, 2021. "Causality Ardl Analysis Of Economic Expansion Foreign Direct Investment And Exports: A Case Study Of The Countries (Mint)," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 10(2), pages 67-75, June.
    11. Sana Khalil, "undated". "Structures of constraint and women’s paid work in Pakistan," Review of Socio - Economic Perspectives 202186, Reviewsep.
    12. Labeeque Asif & Tehreem Pervez, 2021. "The Role of Women in Inclusive Growth in Pakistan," Journal of Policy Research (JPR), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 7(4), pages 18-30, December.
    13. Fiaz Ahmad Sulehri & Saba Sharif, 2022. "The Impact of Firm Sustainability on Firm Growth: Evidence from USA," Journal of Policy Research (JPR), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 8(2), pages 1-15, August.
    14. Tan, Madeleine Sui-Lay, 2016. "Policy coordination among the ASEAN-5: A global VAR analysis," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 20-40.
    15. Margaux Suteau, 2020. "Inheritance Rights and Women's Empowerment in the Labor and Marriage Markets," THEMA Working Papers 2020-17, THEMA (THéorie Economique, Modélisation et Applications), Université de Cergy-Pontoise.
    16. Elisabetta Lodigiani & Sara Salomone, 2015. "Migration-induced Transfers of Norms. Political Empowerment?The case of Female Political Empowerment," Working Papers 2015:19, Department of Economics, University of Venice "Ca' Foscari".
    17. Abdul Rishad & Sanjeev Gupta & Akhil Sharma, 2021. "Official Intervention and Exchange Rate Determination: Evidence from India," Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, Emerging Markets Forum, vol. 13(3), pages 357-379, September.
    18. Parlow, Anton, 2018. "Women's Empowerment, Gendered Institutions and Economic Opportunity: An Investigative Study for Pakistan," MPRA Paper 86367, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    19. Sulaiman, Saidu & Masih, Mansur, 2017. "Is liberalizing finance the game in town for Nigeria ?," MPRA Paper 95569, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    20. Uddin, Gazi Salah & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Arouri, Mohamed & Teulon, Frédéric, 2014. "Financial development and poverty reduction nexus: A cointegration and causality analysis in Bangladesh," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 405-412.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    gender inequality; socioeconomic well-being; Pakistan;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • A14 - General Economics and Teaching - - General Economics - - - Sociology of Economics
    • D63 - Microeconomics - - Welfare Economics - - - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:88972. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Joachim Winter (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/vfmunde.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.