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Women and Globalization: A Study of 180 Countries, 1975–2000

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  • Gray, Mark M.
  • Kittilson, Miki Caul
  • Sandholtz, Wayne

Abstract

How do rising levels of international interconnectedness affect social, economic, and political conditions for women? Research on gender and international relations frequently offers clear propositions but seldom submits them to broad, quantitative testing. This article begins to fill that gap. We advance the hypothesis that, on balance and over time, increasing cross-national exchange and communication lead to improvements in women's status and equality. Economic aspects of globalization can bring new opportunities and resources to women. But equally important, globalization promotes the diffusion of ideas and norms of equality for women. In an analysis of 180 countries from 1975 to 2000, employing cross-sectional–time-series regression techniques, we examine the impact of several measures of globalization on women's levels of life expectancy, literacy, and participation in the economy and parliamentary office. International trade, foreign direct investment, membership in the United Nations (UN) and World Bank, and ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), are associated with improved conditions for women.A grant from the Center for Global Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of California, Irvine, supported this research. The authors are grateful for constructive comments from participants in the faculty research colloquium of the Department of Political Science at Brigham Young University. The authors also received helpful suggestions from their fellow panelists at the 2004 Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association and from the editor of IO, Lisa Martin, and two anonymous reviewers.

Suggested Citation

  • Gray, Mark M. & Kittilson, Miki Caul & Sandholtz, Wayne, 2006. "Women and Globalization: A Study of 180 Countries, 1975–2000," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 60(2), pages 293-333, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:cup:intorg:v:60:y:2006:i:02:p:293-333_06
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    Cited by:

    1. Martin Gaechter & Peter Schwazer & Engelbert Theurl, 2012. "Stronger Sex but Earlier Death: A Multi-level Socioeconomic Analysis of Gender Differences in Mortality in Austria," DANUBE: Law and Economics Review, European Association Comenius - EACO, issue 1, pages 1-23, March.
    2. Christopher Kilby & Sally J. Scholz, 2011. "The Impact of Globalization on Women: Testing Vandana Shiva’s Critique of Development," Villanova School of Business Department of Economics and Statistics Working Paper Series 15, Villanova School of Business Department of Economics and Statistics.
    3. Martin S. Edwards, 2009. "Public support for the international economic organizations: Evidence from developing countries," The Review of International Organizations, Springer, vol. 4(2), pages 185-209, June.
    4. Seo-Young Cho, 2012. "Integrating Equality: Globalization, Women's Rights, and Human Trafficking," Economics of Security Working Paper Series 69, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
    5. Backhans, Mona Christina & Burström, Bo & Lindholm, Lars & Månsdotter, Anna, 2009. "Pioneers and laggards - Is the effect of gender equality on health dependent on context?," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 68(8), pages 1388-1395, April.
    6. Besamusca, Janna & Tijdens, Kea & Keune, Maarten & Steinmetz, Stephanie, 2015. "Working Women Worldwide. Age Effects in Female Labor Force Participation in 117 Countries," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 123-141.
    7. Charles Kenny, Dev Patel, 2017. "Gender Laws, Values, and Outcomes: Evidence from the World Values Survey - Working Paper 452," Working Papers 452, Center for Global Development.
    8. Elena Bárcena-Martín & Samuel Medina-Claros & Salvador Pérez-Moreno, 2021. "Economic Gender gap in the Global South: How Public Institutions Matter," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 158(2), pages 459-483, December.
    9. Filipski, Mateusz & Edward Taylor, J. & Msangi, Siwa, 2011. "Effects of Free Trade on Women and Immigrants: CAFTA and the Rural Dominican Republic," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 39(10), pages 1862-1877.
    10. Siobhan Austen & Astghik Mavisakalyan, 2016. "Constitutions and the Political Agency of Women: A Cross-Country Study," Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 22(1), pages 183-210, January.
    11. Robert G. Blanton & Shannon Lindsey Blanton, 2015. "Is Foreign Direct Investment "Gender Blind"? Women's Rights as a Determinant of US FDI," Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(4), pages 61-88, October.
    12. Seo-Young Cho, 2014. "International Women's Convention, Democracy, and Gender Equality," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 95(3), pages 719-739, September.
    13. Bárcena‐Martín, Elena & Medina‐Claros, Samuel & Pérez‐Moreno, Salvador, 2020. "Economic gender gap in the Global South: how institutional quality matters," MERIT Working Papers 2020-025, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT).
    14. Bussmann, Margit, 2009. "The Effect of Trade Openness on Women's Welfare and Work Life," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 37(6), pages 1027-1038, June.
    15. Iram Ashraf & Amjad Ali, 2018. "Socio-Economic Well-Being and Women Status in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 7(2), pages 46-58, June.
    16. Kossi AYENAGBO, 2022. "Globalization and Women's Employability in Sub-Saharan Africa," International Journal of Social Science Studies, Redfame publishing, vol. 10(2), pages 42-49, March.
    17. Björn Kauder & Niklas Potrafke, 2015. "Globalization and social justice in OECD countries," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 151(2), pages 353-376, May.
    18. Björn Kauder & Luisa Lorenz & Niklas Potrafke, 2015. "Globalisierung und soziale Gerechtigkeit in OECD-Ländern," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 68(04), pages 21-26, February.
    19. Neetu A. John & Kirsten Stoebenau & Samantha Ritter & Jeffrey Edmeades & Nikola Balvin & UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, 2017. "Gender Socialization during Adolescence in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Conceptualization, influences and outcomes," Papers indipa885, Innocenti Discussion Papers.
    20. John C. Anyanwu, 2016. "Analysis of Gender Equality in Youth Employment in Africa," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 28(4), pages 397-415, December.

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