DEFEN-CE: Social Dialogue in Defence of Vulnerable GroupsinPost-COVID-19 LabourMarkets. Report on Italy and Spain

The objective of this research paper is to conduct a thorough analysis of the governance framework pertaining to vulnerable groups in the labour markets of Italy and Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper is an outcome of the DEFEN-CE project and encompasses multiple investigative goals. First and foremost, the paper seeks to empirically identify these vulnerable groups. These are people who have faced disproportionate effects from the occupational and social consequences brought about by the COVID-19 crisis. Through a rigorous examination of data and evidence, we aim to develop a deeper understanding of the specific groups that have encountered heightened vulnerabilities and challenges during this crisis. Secondly, the research paper offers comprehensive insights into the public policy and social dialogue measures implemented to address the employment and social protection of these vulnerable groups within the pandemic context. Special attention is given to understanding the pivotal role of social dialogue in facilitating the successful implementation of these measures. Finally, it endeavours to identify valuable lessons and opportunities derived from the COVID-19 pandemic experience, with the ultimate aim of enhancing social dialogue in both Italy and Spain. To achieve these objectives, the report employs a mixed-method approach that integrates qualitative and quantitative methods. A comparative approach serves as a central component across all utilized methodologies, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of governance practices concerning vulnerable groups in different contexts. The data collection process encompasses a diverse range of sources, including a reform dataset, semi-structured interviews, policy documents, academic literature, and relevant statistical data from domestic, as well as EU/OECD, levels. The key findings revealed a certain degree of heterogeneity between the two countries, not so much in terms of policy, as both countries focused on protecting employment and income. However, the main difference lies in the varying role of social partners in the implementation of these measures. In Italy, social dialogue primarily took place between trade unions and employers’ organisations through bilateral negotiations. The Italian government played a dominant role in the political process, resulting in social partners being primarily engaged in consultation and information-sharing rather than decision-making. However, an exception was observed in the active involvement of social partners in formulating the Health and Safety Protocol. In contrast, in Spain, social partners played an actively involved role in formulating significant measures targeted at vulnerable groups. Tripartite dialogue, involving representatives from trade unions, employers’ organisations, and the government, played a more prominent and influential role. This engagement led to the signing of 14 tripartite collective agreements, demonstrating the impact of collaborative efforts in addressing the challenges faced by vulnerable groups in Spain.