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Child Penalties and Parental Role Models: Classroom Exposure Effects

Author

Listed:
  • Kleven, Henrik Jacobsen

    (Princeton University)

  • Olivero, Giulia

    (Cornell University)

  • Patacchini, Eleonora

    (Cornell University)

Abstract

This paper investigates whether the effects of children on the labor market outcomes of women relative to men — child penalties — are shaped by the work behavior of peers' parents during adolescence. Leveraging quasi-random variation in the fraction of peers with working parents across cohorts within schools, we find that greater exposure to working mothers during adolescence substantially reduces the child penalty in employment later in life. Conversely, we find that greater exposure to working fathers increases the penalty. Our findings suggest that parental role models during adolescence are critical for shaping child-related gender gaps in the labor market.

Suggested Citation

  • Kleven, Henrik Jacobsen & Olivero, Giulia & Patacchini, Eleonora, 2024. "Child Penalties and Parental Role Models: Classroom Exposure Effects," IZA Discussion Papers 17309, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    • Handle: RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17309
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    child penalty; gender norms; long-run;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J13 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J21 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure

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