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Transports et environnement : comment valoriser et maîtriser les effets externes ?

Author

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  • Alain Bonnafous

    (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

Abstract

Les transports ont des impacts généralement négatifs sur l'environnement. Ils constituent, par exemple, la plus importante source de bruit. Ils contribuent à la pollution de l'air. Ces effets sont qualifiés d'externes lorsque aucune contrepartie pécuniaire n'est assurée par celui qui les provoque. La solution au problème consiste à imposer une telle contrepartie, ce qui correspond à une internalisation. Mais, de même qu'il y a des formes très diverses d'effets externes, il y a des dispositifs très différents d'internalisation. Le responsable de l'effet externe ne paye une contrepartie que dans le cas d'une internalisation qui sera dite radicale. L'internalisation pécuniaire non radicale peut aussi être observée, par exemple à travers des dépenses de protection contre le bruit. C'est la victime et non plus le coupable qui est alors le payeur. Les investissements publics de transport sont, le plus souvent, destinés à résorber des effets externes comme ceux qui sont liés aux encombrements. Il s'agit alors d'une internalisation budgétaire payée par le contribuable. Par extension, on peut enfin parler d'internalisation sensible lorsqu'il y a, par exemple, prise de conscience des externalités biosphériques. Qu'il s'agisse d'évaluer en termes monétaires les effets des transports sur l'environnement ou de définir les mesures destinées à les maîtriser, ces différentes formes d'internalisation se trouvent successivement impliquées. Les experts et le législateur se sont livrés à un tel exercice en Suède de sorte que l'environnement soit pris en compte dans les grands arbitrages de la politique de transport. En appliquant ces résultats au cas des transports routiers de marchandises en France, on est conduit à des évaluations de coûts externes particulièrement élevés.

Suggested Citation

  • Alain Bonnafous, 1992. "Transports et environnement : comment valoriser et maîtriser les effets externes ?," Post-Print halshs-01716437, HAL.
  • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01716437
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1992.6563
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01716437
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. R. H. Coase, 2013. "The Problem of Social Cost," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 56(4), pages 837-877.
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