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From female labor force participation to boardroom gender diversity

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  • Adams, Renée
  • Kirchmaier, Tom

Abstract

The list of barriers to female representation in management is analogous to the list of barriers to female labor force participation. Accordingly, we examine whether low female labor force participation is the main reason few women hold seats on corporate boards using data from 22 countries over the 2001-2010 period. Using a novel country-level measure of female participation on corporate boards, we show first that the representation of women on boards across countries is actually worse than most surveys suggest. We then examine the extent to which female labor force participation and institutional and country-level characteristics are related to boardroom diversity. We find that labor force participation is significantly related to the representation of women on boards when part-time and unemployed workers are excluded. However, cultural norms, the presence of boardroom quotas and codes promoting gender diversity are also correlated with female representation. This suggests that economic and cultural factors may be important barriers to female career advancement, but that preferences may be less important. While quotas may overcome problems of discrimination, they may be too narrow a policy tool to address other causes of female underrepresentation in management.

Suggested Citation

  • Adams, Renée & Kirchmaier, Tom, 2013. "From female labor force participation to boardroom gender diversity," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 119038, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  • Handle: RePEc:ehl:lserod:119038
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Alberto Alesina & Paola Giuliano & Nathan Nunn, 2013. "On the Origins of Gender Roles: Women and the Plough," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 128(2), pages 469-530.
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    9. Kenneth R. Ahern & Amy K. Dittmar, 2012. "The Changing of the Boards: The Impact on Firm Valuation of Mandated Female Board Representation," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 127(1), pages 137-197.
    10. Goldin, Claudia D., 1991. "The Role of World War II in the Rise of Women's Employment," Scholarly Articles 30703972, Harvard University Department of Economics.
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    Cited by:

    1. Eline Schoonjans & Hanna Hottenrott & Achim Buchwald, 2024. "Welcome on Board? Appointment Dynamics of Women as Directors," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 192(3), pages 561-589, July.
    2. Mai‐Minh‐Anh Tran & Ngoc‐Yen‐Chi Nguyen & Nguyen‐Khanh‐Ha Quyen & Phuong‐Nhu Tran & Nguyen‐Minh‐Thu Phan & Anh‐Tuan Le, 2024. "Do firms with environmental, social, and governance reputational risk take into account board gender diversity? An analysis on a global scale," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 105(4), pages 1396-1418, July.
    3. Gillian Warner-Søderholm & Patricia Gabaldon Quinones & Cathrine Seierstad & Carl Åberg, 2023. "Getting More Women on Boards: Cultural and Institutional Antecedents That Matter," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(3), pages 21582440231, August.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J22 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
    • G34 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance

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