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Macroeconomic modelling of CBDC: a critical review

Author

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  • Bindseil, Ulrich
  • Senner, Richard

Abstract

Over the last decades, macro-economists have renewed their efforts to reduce the gap between monetary macroeconomics and real-world central banking. This paper reviews how macroeconomics has since 2016 approached the possible introduction of retail central bank digital currencies (CBDC). A review of the literature reveals that macroeconomic models of CBDC often rely on CBDC design features and narratives which are no longer in line with the one of central banks actually working on CBDC. In particular, the literature often (i) does not take into account the nature of central banks’ CBDC issuance plans as a “conservative” reaction to profound technological and preferential shifts in the use of money as a means of payments, (ii) does not start from design features communicated by central banks, such as no-remuneration, quantity limits, access restrictions, and automated sweeping functionality linking CBDC wallets with commercial bank accounts; (iii) does not explain well enough the difference between CBDC and banknotes within their macro-economic models, apart from remuneration (which central banks actually do not foresee); and (iv) assume that CBDC will lead to a significant increase in the total holdings of central bank money in the economy, although (i) and (ii) make this unlikely. JEL Classification: E3, E5, G1

Suggested Citation

  • Bindseil, Ulrich & Senner, Richard, 2024. "Macroeconomic modelling of CBDC: a critical review," Working Paper Series 2978, European Central Bank.
  • Handle: RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20242978
    Note: 327704
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    central bank digital currencies; central bank money; financial stability; macroeconomics;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E3 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
    • E5 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
    • G1 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets

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