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Die langfristigen Folgen von Mangel- und Unterernährung in Entwicklungsländern

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  • Katharina Lehmann-Uschner

Abstract

Jahrzehntelang haben Unter- und Mangelernährung auf der globalen entwicklungspolitischen Agenda wenig Beachtung erfahren. Oft waren nur extreme Hungersnöte in den Schlagzeilen zu finden. Dies hat sich mit der Verabschiedung der Millennium Entwicklungsziele im Jahr 2000 geändert: Gleich das erste der acht Ziele sieht die Halbierung des Anteils der hungerleidenden Menschen in der Bevölkerung bis 2015 (verglichen mit 1990) vor. Vieles spricht dafür, dass dieses Ziel auch tatsächlich erreicht werden kann. Hunger und Mangelernährung damit wieder von der Agenda zu streichen wäre allerdings verfrüht: Immer noch leiden 795 Millionen Menschen an Hunger, weltweit ist ein Viertel der Kinder entwicklungsverzögert (Stunting wird oft als Maß für chronische Unterernährung genutzt). 45 Prozent der Todesfälle der unter fünfjährigen Kinder gehen auf Unterernährung zurück. Am stärksten davon betroffen sind die am wenigsten entwickelten Länder und Gesellschaftsschichten: 90 Prozent aller Hungernden leben in Asien und der Pazifikregion sowie dem Subsaharischen Afrika, ¾ davon sind ländliche und von der Landwirtschaft abhängige Haushalte. Mangel- und Unterernährung vor allem während der ersten drei Lebensjahre wirken sich auf die weitere mentale, motorische und Verhaltens-Entwicklung aus. Dies hat Folgen für Gesundheit und sozioökonomischen Status im Erwachsenenalter und somit auch für die gesamtgesellschaftliche Entwicklung. Eine Verbesserung der Ernährungssituation kann im Umkehrschluss aber auch mit relativ geringem Aufwand zu großen Entwicklungserfolgen führen. Renommierte Wissenschaftler plädieren darum dafür, dem Kampf gegen Mangel- und Unterernährung auch nach Erreichen der Millennium Entwicklungsziele weiterhin Priorität einzuräumen. Dabei rückt neben den herkömmlichen Aspekten von Unterernährung auch der sogenannte versteckte Hunger, also Mangel an Mikronährstoffen, in den Fokus. Dies geschieht nicht nur aufgrund seiner weitreichenden Folgen, sondern auch angesichts seiner weiten Verbreitung. Von Jodmangel sind laut 35% der Weltbevölkerung betroffen und von durch Eisenmangel hervorgerufene Anämie ein Viertel der unter Vierjährigen in Entwicklungsländern.

Suggested Citation

  • Katharina Lehmann-Uschner, 2015. "Die langfristigen Folgen von Mangel- und Unterernährung in Entwicklungsländern," DIW Roundup: Politik im Fokus 69, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
    • Handle: RePEc:diw:diwrup:69de
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