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Nourrir, produire, protéger les personnes et les ressources - Les voies d’une transition agroécologique du système bioalimentaire québécois

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  • Patrick Mundler

Abstract

La pandémie de la COVID 19 a suscité de nombreuses réflexions relatives à notre système alimentaire et à sa résilience. Dans un contexte d’inquiétude concernant la sécurité des approvisionnements, le système alimentaire québécois a fait preuve d’une remarquable capacité d’adaptation. Cette crise révèle néanmoins les dangers réels qui menacent l’humanité du fait de l’effondrement de la biodiversité et des changements climatiques. Dans ce contexte, les débats concernant une amélioration de l’autonomie alimentaire du Québec devraient s’appuyer sur un inventaire exhaustif et critique des multiples dépendances qui caractérisent notre système bioalimentaire. Ces dépendances ne concernant pas seulement les produits alimentaires, mais également la main d’œuvre, les équipements et les intrants. L’analyse de notre actuel système alimentaire montre divers déséquilibres avec des productions très excédentaires et tournées vers l’exportation, et des productions, notamment les céréales et les oléo protéagineux destinés à l’alimentation humaine, qui ne représentent qu’une part infime de notre assolement dominé par le maïs et le soya destinés à l’alimentation animale. Cette spécialisation pousse à la concentration et est à la source de diverses pratiques dommageables pour la préservation de nos agroécosystèmes. Dans ce contexte, la crise de la COVID 19 crée un choc spécifique ouvrant la possibilité de repenser le soutien au secteur bioalimentaire, afin de favoriser une transition agroécologique vers des modèles de production, de transformation et de distribution plus économes et plus autonomes, dont la vocation serait à la fois de nourrir les québécois et de prendre soin de nos ressources naturelles et humaines. Faisant appel à la théorie des transitions, nous défendons la thèse selon laquelle la réponse à la crise ne peut se restreindre au remplacement de quelques importations par des productions locales. La crise devrait être l’occasion de réfléchir plus globalement aux mesures à prendre pour accompagner la transition agroécologique de notre système bioalimentaire de façon à le rendre plus durable et résilient. Le rôle des politiques publiques dans cette nécessaire transition est majeur. Il s’agit tout à la fois de définir une vision et de l’appuyer avec des incitations utilisant divers outils dont l’éco-conditionnalité; d’ouvrir les politiques de soutien à l’innovation, trop souvent pensées dans la seule perspective d’améliorer la productivité et la compétitivité; de repenser le système d’innovation afin de le rendre moins descendant; de favoriser l’éclosion et le développement de niches prometteuses porteuses d’avenir et capables d’infléchir le régime en place; et de procéder à une analyse critique des programmes actuels de soutien afin petit à petit de retirer ceux qui favorisent le maintien du statu quo et d’examiner quels leviers pourraient être utilisés pour favoriser les transformations souhaitées.

Suggested Citation

  • Patrick Mundler, 2020. "Nourrir, produire, protéger les personnes et les ressources - Les voies d’une transition agroécologique du système bioalimentaire québécois," CIRANO Project Reports 2020rp-32, CIRANO.
  • Handle: RePEc:cir:cirpro:2020rp-32
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    File URL: https://cirano.qc.ca/files/publications/2020RP-32.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Keywords

    ; Système bioalimentaire; Autonomie alimentaire; Transition agroécologique; Régime sociotechnique; Niches d’innovation;
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