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Commerce international des produits alimentaires - Capacité d'application de la réciprocité des normes (innocuité, environnement et social) et leviers à la disposition des gouvernements

Author

Listed:
  • Lota Tamini
  • Dupuis Raymond
  • Maurice Doyon

Abstract

Au cours des dernières années, la réciprocité des normes pour les produits alimentaires importés est devenue un sujet sensible auprès des intervenants de l'industrie agroalimentaire québécoise. Les producteurs agricoles et les transformateurs agroalimentaires du Québec souhaitent que les produits importés vendus au Québec soient assujettis aux mêmes exigences ou normes que les produits québécois, ou encore celles imposées aux produits québécois exportés. Les normes publiques et privées sont de plus en plus présentes dans le secteur agricole et agroalimentaire et les trois principales raisons de la présence de ces normes sont la protection des consommateurs en présence d'information imparfaite, la présence d'externalités négatives liées à la production et/ou la consommation et la protection des producteurs en présence d'une asymétrie de l'information. La mise en place de normes vise une amélioration de l'utilité des consommateurs et/ou des profits des producteurs. Cela implique que, selon les pays et les situations, les consommateurs valoriseront ou non une norme et que, par conséquent, les choix optimaux de normes pourraient différer selon les pays. Les normes qui s'appliquent aux produits importés vont différer selon les pays importateurs. Cependant, la réalisation d'analyses comparatives de la sévérité des règlementations est difficile en raison de la complexité des législations et de l'importance inégale des produits qui sont concernés. Mais globalement, les normes appliquées aux productions agricoles et agroalimentaires canadiens sont parmi les plus élevées dans le monde. Le concept de réciprocité de normes et son applicabilité Dans la littérature économique dans laquelle s'inscrit ce rapport de recherche, le « concept de réciprocité des normes » ou encore le « principe de réciprocité des normes » tel que conceptualisé par le milieu agroalimentaire va porter sur le traitement de l'asymétrie des normes entre partenaires commerciaux. L'application du concept de réciprocité des normes va donc veiller à ce que les normes qui s'appliquent aux produits agricoles et agroalimentaires importés soient équivalentes à celles appliquées aux acteurs des filières agricoles québécoises. Dans le cadre de normes de production volontaires ou privées, le concept de réciprocité ne pourrait être mis en uvre étant donné que la norme, du fait de son mode de conformité, ne s'applique pas forcément à tous les acteurs des filières agroalimentaires québécoises. Deux types de mesures sont d'un intérêt particulier, lorsqu'il s'agit d'analyser les instruments à la disposition des gouvernements. Il s'agit (i) des mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires et (ii) des obstacles techniques au commerce. Par ailleurs, les mesures non tarifaires et les normes privées doivent être évaluées et davantage surveillées afin de s'assurer que les normes qui s'appliquent aux produits importés ne sont pas inférieures à celles des produits canadiens. Sans un tel mécanisme, la capacité du Québec et du Canada en matière de surveillance commerciale est fragilisée par rapport à ses partenaires commerciaux et leurs entreprises.

Suggested Citation

  • Lota Tamini & Dupuis Raymond & Maurice Doyon, 2014. "Commerce international des produits alimentaires - Capacité d'application de la réciprocité des normes (innocuité, environnement et social) et leviers à la disposition des gouvernements," CIRANO Project Reports 2014rp-11, CIRANO.
  • Handle: RePEc:cir:cirpro:2014rp-11
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    References listed on IDEAS

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