IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/arx/papers/2208.10435.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Do diverse and inclusive workplaces benefit investors? An Empirical Analysis on Europe and the United States

Author

Listed:
  • Karoline Bax

Abstract

As the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions slow down, employees start to return to their offices. Hence, the discussions on optimal workplaces and issues of diversity and inclusion have peaked. Previous research has shown that employees and companies benefit from positive workplace changes. This research questions whether allowing for diversity and inclusion criteria in portfolio construction is beneficial to investors. By considering the new Diversity & Inclusion (D&I) score by Refinitiv, I find evidence that investors might suffer lower returns and pay for investing in responsible (i.e., more diverse and inclusive) employers in both the US and European market.

Suggested Citation

  • Karoline Bax, 2022. "Do diverse and inclusive workplaces benefit investors? An Empirical Analysis on Europe and the United States," Papers 2208.10435, arXiv.org, revised Nov 2022.
  • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2208.10435
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.10435
    File Function: Latest version
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Lasse Steiner & Lisa Leinert & Bruno S. Frey, 2010. "Economics, Religion and Happiness," Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik - Journal for Business, Economics & Ethics, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, vol. 11(1), pages 9-24.
    2. Jan-Emmanuel De Neve & Christian Krekel & George Ward, 2019. "Employee wellbeing: the impact on productivity and firm performance," CentrePiece - The magazine for economic performance 556, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
    3. Alberto Alesina & Edward Glaeser & Bruce Sacerdote, 2005. "Work and Leisure in the U. S. and Europe: Why so Different?," Harvard Institute of Economic Research Working Papers 2068, Harvard - Institute of Economic Research.
    4. Mohamed Mousa, 2021. "Does Gender Diversity Affect Workplace Happiness for Academics? The Role of Diversity Management and Organizational Inclusion," Public Organization Review, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 119-135, March.
    5. Kevin Campbell & Antonio Mínguez-Vera, 2008. "Gender Diversity in the Boardroom and Firm Financial Performance," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 83(3), pages 435-451, December.
    6. Bell, Linda A. & Freeman, Richard B., 2001. "The incentive for working hard: explaining hours worked differences in the US and Germany," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 8(2), pages 181-202, May.
    7. Ledoit, Oliver & Wolf, Michael, 2008. "Robust performance hypothesis testing with the Sharpe ratio," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 15(5), pages 850-859, December.
    8. Bruno S. Frey & Alois Stutzer, 2010. "Happiness: A New Approach in Economics," ifo DICE Report, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 8(4), pages 3-7, 01.
    9. Cerqueti, Roy & Ciciretti, Rocco & Dalò, Ambrogio & Nicolosi, Marco, 2021. "ESG investing: A chance to reduce systemic risk," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    10. Jan-Emmanuel De Neve & Nicholas A. Christakis & James H. Fowler & Bruno S. Frey, 2010. "Genes, Economics, and Happiness," CREMA Working Paper Series 2010-24, Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts (CREMA).
    11. repec:ces:ifodic:v:8:y:2010:i:4:p:14994781 is not listed on IDEAS
    12. Bruno S. Frey & Alois Stutzer, 2010. "Happiness: A New Approach in Economics," ifo DICE Report, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 8(04), pages 3-7, January.
    13. Niccolò Gordini & Elisa Rancati, 2017. "Gender diversity in the Italian boardroom and firm financial performance," Management Research Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 40(1), pages 75-94, January.
    14. Nuria Reguera-Alvarado & Pilar Fuentes & Joaquina Laffarga, 2017. "Does Board Gender Diversity Influence Financial Performance? Evidence from Spain," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 141(2), pages 337-350, March.
    15. Sinikka Vanhala & Kaija Tuomi, 2006. "HRM, Company Performance and Employee Well-being," management revue - Socio-Economic Studies, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, vol. 17(3), pages 241-255.
    16. Jan-Emmanuel De Neve & Christian Krekel & George Ward, 2019. "Employee wellbeing, productivity and firm performance," CEP Discussion Papers dp1605, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
    17. Niclas L. Erhardt & James D. Werbel & Charles B. Shrader, 2003. "Board of Director Diversity and Firm Financial Performance," Corporate Governance: An International Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 11(2), pages 102-111, April.
    18. Sinikka Vanhala & Kaija Tuomi, 2006. "HRM, Company Performance and Employee Well-being," management revue. Socio-economic Studies, Rainer Hampp Verlag, vol. 17(3), pages 241-255.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Bax, Karoline, 2023. "Do diverse and inclusive workplaces benefit investors? An Empirical Analysis on Europe and the United States," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    2. Yu-Chuan Chen & Yung-Ho Chiu & Tzu-Han Chang & Tai-Yu Lin, 2023. "Sustainable Development, Government Efficiency, and People’s Happiness," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 24(4), pages 1549-1578, April.
    3. Jing Zou & Xiaojun Deng, 2021. "The complex association between migrants’ residential community choice and subjective well‐being: Evidence from urban China," Growth and Change, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 52(3), pages 1652-1679, September.
    4. Christoph K. Becker & Stefan T. Trautmann, 2022. "Does Happiness Increase in Old Age? Longitudinal Evidence from 20 European Countries," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 23(7), pages 3625-3654, October.
    5. Feiwei Shen & Jing Zou & Xianhong Huang & Cong Wang & Mingjie Zhao, 2022. "Career Development, Institutional Factors, Social Factors and Urban Young Returnees’ Happiness in the Context of Healthy China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-20, July.
    6. Liu, Yan & Chen, Minjie & Yu, Jianyu & Wang, Xiaobing, 2024. "Being a happy farmer: Technology adoption and subjective well-being," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 221(C), pages 385-405.
    7. Gabriela-Mihaela Mureșan & Viorela-Ligia Văidean & Codruța Mare & Monica Violeta Achim, 2023. "Were we happy and we didn’t know it? A subjective dynamic and financial assessment pre-, during and post-COVID-19," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 24(5), pages 749-768, July.
    8. Doireann Roche & Anthony Rafferty & Sinead Holden & Sarah Louise Killeen & Maria Kennelly & Fionnuala M. McAuliffe, 2022. "Maternal Well-Being and Stage of Behaviour Change during Pregnancy: A Secondary Analysis of the PEARS Randomised Controlled Trial," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-12, December.
    9. Juan Lucio & Marco Palomeque, 2023. "Music preferences as an instrument of emotional self-regulation along the business cycle," Journal of Cultural Economics, Springer;The Association for Cultural Economics International, vol. 47(2), pages 181-204, June.
    10. Gerrit Kok & Cornelis H. van Schalkwyk & Elda Du Toit, 2021. "The association between board characteristics and the risk-adjusted return of South African companies," International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 18(1), pages 58-70, March.
    11. Salma Loulou-Baklouti, 2024. "Does board gender diversity affect intellectual capital voluntary disclosure? Evidence from Tunisia," International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 21(2), pages 193-210, June.
    12. Laura Cabeza-García & Esther B. Brío & Carlos Rueda, 2021. "The moderating effect of innovation on the gender and performance relationship in the outset of the gender revolution," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 15(3), pages 755-778, April.
    13. Viput Ongsakul & Anutchanat Jaroenjitrkam & Sirimon Treepongkaruna & Pornsit Jiraporn, 2022. "Does board gender diversity reduce ‘CEO luck’?," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 62(1), pages 243-260, March.
    14. Muhammad Nadeem & Stephen Bahadar & Ammar Ali Gull & Umer Iqbal, 2020. "Are women eco‐friendly? Board gender diversity and environmental innovation," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(8), pages 3146-3161, December.
    15. Safiullah, Md & Akhter, Tanzina & Saona, Paolo & Azad, Md. Abul Kalam, 2022. "Gender diversity on corporate boards, firm performance, and risk-taking: New evidence from Spain," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(C).
    16. Mauro Romano & Alessandro Cirillo & Christian Favino & Antonio Netti, 2020. "ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) Performance and Board Gender Diversity: The Moderating Role of CEO Duality," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-16, November.
    17. Aruoriwo Marian Chijoke-Mgbame & Agyenim Boateng & Chijoke Oscar Mgbame, 2020. "Board gender diversity, audit committee and financial performance: evidence from Nigeria," Accounting Forum, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 44(3), pages 262-286, July.
    18. Gregor Dorfleitner & Johannes Grebler, 2020. "The social and environmental drivers of corporate credit ratings: international evidence," Business Research, Springer;German Academic Association for Business Research, vol. 13(3), pages 1343-1415, November.
    19. Mustafa K. Yilmaz & Umit Hacioglu & Ekrem Tatoglu & Mine Aksoy & Selman Duran, 2023. "Measuring the impact of board gender and cultural diversity on corporate governance and social performance: evidence from emerging markets," Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 36(2), pages 2106503-210, December.
    20. Yunyi Li & Charl de Villiers & Lina Zixuan Li & Leye Li, 2022. "The moderating effect of board gender diversity on the relation between corporate social responsibility and firm value," Journal of Management Control: Zeitschrift für Planung und Unternehmenssteuerung, Springer, vol. 33(1), pages 109-143, March.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2208.10435. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: arXiv administrators (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://arxiv.org/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.