IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/f/pmu322.html
   My authors  Follow this author

Rahul Mukherjee

Personal Details

First Name:Rahul
Middle Name:
Last Name:Mukherjee
Suffix:
RePEc Short-ID:pmu322
[This author has chosen not to make the email address public]
https://sites.google.com/site/rahulmkiheid/
B55, Clive Granger Building University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
Terminal Degree:2010 Economics Department; University of Michigan (from RePEc Genealogy)

Affiliation

School of Economics
University of Nottingham

Nottingham, United Kingdom
http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/economics/
RePEc:edi:denotuk (more details at EDIRC)

Research output

as
Jump to: Working papers Articles

Working papers

  1. Priyaranjan Jha & Rahul Mukherjee, 2023. "Global Taxation and National Welfare States," CESifo Working Paper Series 10522, CESifo.
  2. Epstein, Brendan & Mukherjee, Rahul & Finkelstein Shapiro, Alan & Ramnath, Shanthi, 2020. "Trends in aggregate employment, hours worked per worker, and the long-run labor wedge," MPRA Paper 99289, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  3. Ron Alquist & Nicolas Berman & Rahul Mukherjee & Linda L. Tesar, 2018. "Financial Constraints, Institutions, and Foreign Ownership," AMSE Working Papers 1847, Aix-Marseille School of Economics, France.
  4. Rahul Mukherjee & Christian Proebsting, 2017. "Acquirers and Financial Constraints: Theory and Evidence from Emerging Markets," IHEID Working Papers 21-2017, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies.
  5. Rahul Mukherjee & Christian Proebsting, 2015. "Survival of the Fittest: Corporate Control and the Cleansing Effect of Financial Crises," IHEID Working Papers 20-2015, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies, revised 01 Oct 2015.
  6. Rahul Mukherjee & Linda L. Tesar & Ron Alquist, 2014. "Liquidity-Driven FDI," IHEID Working Papers 17-2014, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies, revised 11 Dec 2014.
  7. Brendan Epstein & Rahul Mukherjee & Shanthi Ramnath, 2014. "Taxes and International Risk Sharing," International Finance Discussion Papers 1110, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
  8. Ron Alquist & Rahul Mukherjee & Linda Tesar, 2013. "Fire-Sale FDI or Business as Usual?," Staff Working Papers 13-17, Bank of Canada.
  9. Rahul Mukherjee, 2011. "Country Portfolios with Imperfect Corporate Governance," IHEID Working Papers 08-2011, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies.

Articles

  1. Mukherjee, Rahul & Proebsting, Christian, 2021. "Acquirers and financial constraints: Theory and evidence from emerging markets," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
  2. Alquist, Ron & Berman, Nicolas & Mukherjee, Rahul & Tesar, Linda L., 2019. "Financial constraints, institutions, and foreign ownership," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 63-83.
  3. Alquist, Ron & Mukherjee, Rahul & Tesar, Linda, 2016. "Fire-sale FDI or business as usual?," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 93-113.
  4. Epstein, Brendan & Mukherjee, Rahul & Ramnath, Shanthi, 2016. "Taxes and international risk sharing," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 310-326.
  5. Mukherjee, Rahul, 2015. "Institutions, Corporate Governance and Capital Flows," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 96(2), pages 338-359.

Citations

Many of the citations below have been collected in an experimental project, CitEc, where a more detailed citation analysis can be found. These are citations from works listed in RePEc that could be analyzed mechanically. So far, only a minority of all works could be analyzed. See under "Corrections" how you can help improve the citation analysis.

Working papers

  1. Ron Alquist & Nicolas Berman & Rahul Mukherjee & Linda L. Tesar, 2018. "Financial Constraints, Institutions, and Foreign Ownership," AMSE Working Papers 1847, Aix-Marseille School of Economics, France.

    Cited by:

    1. Genthner, Robert & Kis-Katos, Krisztina, 2019. "Foreign investment regulation and firm productivity: Granular evidence from Indonesia," University of Göttingen Working Papers in Economics 345, University of Goettingen, Department of Economics, revised 2019.
    2. Ma, Huanyu & Hao, Dapeng, 2022. "Economic policy uncertainty, financial development, and financial constraints: Evidence from China," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 368-386.
    3. Rahul Mukherjee & Christian Proebsting, 2017. "Acquirers and Financial Constraints: Theory and Evidence from Emerging Markets," IHEID Working Papers 21-2017, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies.
    4. Bai, Y. & Girma, S. & Riaño, A., 2020. "Corporate Acquisitions and Firm-level Uncertainty: Domestic versus Cross-Border Deals," Working Papers 20/09, Department of Economics, City University London.
    5. Bencivelli, Lorenzo & Pisicoli, Beniamino, 2022. "Foreign investors and target firms’ financial structure," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 230-251.
    6. Okara, Assi, 2023. "Does foreign direct investment promote political stability? Evidence from developing economies," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 123(C).
    7. Tamara Teplova & Tatiana Sokolova & Mariya Gubareva & Kristina Galenskaya & Andrey Teplov, 2020. "Perception and Drivers of Financial Constraints for the Sustainable Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-29, September.
    8. Farzana Alamgir & Johnny Cotoc & Alok Johri, 2022. "The Bribe Rate and Long Run Differences in Sovereign Borrowing Costs," Department of Economics Working Papers 2022-07, McMaster University.
    9. Han, Wontae & Wang, Jian & Wang, Xiao, 2022. "FDI and firm productivity in host countries: The role of financial constraints," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    10. Ahmad Maulin Naufa & Mamduh M. Hanafi & I Wayan Nuka Lantara, 2021. "Foreign Ownership, Stock Performance-Risk, And Macroeconomic Factors In Asean Countries," Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking, Bank Indonesia, vol. 24(1), pages 151-168, March.
    11. Lorenzo Bencivelli & Beniamino Pisicoli, 2021. "Foreign investors and target firms’ financial structure: cavalry or locusts?," Temi di discussione (Economic working papers) 1327, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    12. Wang, Jian & Wu, Jason, 2021. "Is capital flow management effective? Evidence based on U.S. monetary policy shocks," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
    13. Li, Chang & Wang, Chu & Yang, Lianxing & Chu, Baoju, 2023. "Impact of cultural trade on foreign direct investment: Evidence from China," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    14. Duanmu, Jing-Lin & Norbäck, Pehr-Johan & Lu, Jane Wenzhen & Clegg, Jeremy, 2022. "Contraction under minimum wages? Operational and financial advantages of multinational subsidiaries in China," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 31(2).
    15. Assi Okara, 2022. "Does Foreign Direct Investment Promote Political Stability ? Evidence from Developing Economies," CERDI Working papers hal-03617085, HAL.
    16. Delane Naidu & Ailie Charteris & Peter Moores‐Pitt, 2022. "The impact of foreign ownership on the performance of Johannesburg Stock Exchange‐listed firms: A blessing or a curse?," South African Journal of Economics, Economic Society of South Africa, vol. 90(1), pages 75-92, March.
    17. Ding, Yibing & Zhang, Xiaojing & Liu, Ziwei, 2021. "Differences in returns to cross-border M&A in the short and long run: Evidence from Chinese listed firms," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    18. Saussay, Aurelien & Sato, Misato, 2024. "The impact of energy prices on industrial investment location: evidence from global firm level data," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 123034, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.

  2. Rahul Mukherjee & Christian Proebsting, 2017. "Acquirers and Financial Constraints: Theory and Evidence from Emerging Markets," IHEID Working Papers 21-2017, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies.

    Cited by:

    1. Ron Alquist & Nicolas Berman & Rahul Mukherjee & Linda L. Tesar, 2018. "Financial Constraints, Institutions, and Foreign Ownership," AMSE Working Papers 1847, Aix-Marseille School of Economics, France.
    2. Jose Manuel Mansilla-Fernandez & Juliette Milgram Baleix, 2022. "Working Capital Management, Financial Constraints, and Exports. Evidence from European and US Manufacturers," ThE Papers 22/11, Department of Economic Theory and Economic History of the University of Granada..

  3. Rahul Mukherjee & Linda L. Tesar & Ron Alquist, 2014. "Liquidity-Driven FDI," IHEID Working Papers 17-2014, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies, revised 11 Dec 2014.

    Cited by:

    1. Stiebale, Joel & Wößner, Nicole, 2017. "M&As, investment and financing constraints," DICE Discussion Papers 257, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE).
    2. Rahul Mukherjee & Christian Proebsting, 2015. "Survival of the Fittest: Corporate Control and the Cleansing Effect of Financial Crises," IHEID Working Papers 20-2015, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies, revised 01 Oct 2015.
    3. Eric M. Bosire, 2019. "Foreign Direct Investments into Eastern Africa Region: The Governance Paradox," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 9(1), pages 169-182.
    4. Rahul Mukherjee & Christian Proebsting, 2017. "Acquirers and Financial Constraints: Theory and Evidence from Emerging Markets," IHEID Working Papers 21-2017, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies.
    5. Liang, Hao & Renneboog, Luc & Vansteenkiste, Cara, 2017. "Cross-Border Acquisitions and Employee-Engagement," Discussion Paper 2017-038, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
    6. Laurent Frésard & Ulrich Hege & Gordon Phillips, 2017. "Extending Industry Specialization through Cross-Border Acquisitions," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 30(5), pages 1539-1582.
    7. Ding, Haoyuan & Lin, Shu & Wu, Shujie & Ye, Haichun, 2024. "Financial spillovers of foreign direct investment: Evidence from China," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    8. Lindemanis, Mārtiņš & Loze, Artūrs & Pajuste, Anete, 2022. "The effect of domestic to foreign ownership change on firm performance in Europe," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    9. Yu-Fu Chen & Michael Funke, 2017. "Greece’s Three-Act Tragedy: A Simple Model of Grexit vs. Staying Afloat inside the Single Currency Area," Open Economies Review, Springer, vol. 28(2), pages 297-318, April.

  4. Brendan Epstein & Rahul Mukherjee & Shanthi Ramnath, 2014. "Taxes and International Risk Sharing," International Finance Discussion Papers 1110, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).

    Cited by:

    1. Epstein, Brendan & Mukherjee, Rahul & Finkelstein Shapiro, Alan & Ramnath, Shanthi, 2020. "Trends in aggregate employment, hours worked per worker, and the long-run labor wedge," MPRA Paper 99289, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Jacopo Cimadomo & Oana Furtuna & Massimo Giuliodori, 2017. "Private and Public Risk Sharing in the Euro Area," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 17-064/VI, Tinbergen Institute.
    3. Brendan Epstein & Rahul Mukherjee & Shanthi Ramnath, 2014. "Taxes and International Risk Sharing," International Finance Discussion Papers 1110, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).

  5. Ron Alquist & Rahul Mukherjee & Linda Tesar, 2013. "Fire-Sale FDI or Business as Usual?," Staff Working Papers 13-17, Bank of Canada.

    Cited by:

    1. Uroš Herman & Tobias Krahnke, 2022. "Determinants and Effects of Countries’ External Capital Structure: A Firm-Level Analysis," IMF Working Papers 2022/038, International Monetary Fund.
    2. Rahul Mukherjee & Christian Proebsting, 2015. "Survival of the Fittest: Corporate Control and the Cleansing Effect of Financial Crises," IHEID Working Papers 20-2015, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies, revised 01 Oct 2015.
    3. Weitzel, Utz & Kling, Gerhard & Gerritsen, Dirk, 2014. "Testing the fire-sale FDI hypothesis for the European financial crisis," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 49(PB), pages 211-234.
    4. Ron Alquist & Rahul Mukherjee & Linda L. Tesar, 2015. "Liquidity-Driven FDI," Working Papers 646, Research Seminar in International Economics, University of Michigan.
    5. Dowling, Michael & Vanwalleghem, Dieter, 2018. "Gulf Cooperation Council cross-border M&A: Institutional determinants of target nation selection," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 471-489.
    6. Ron Alquist & Nicolas Berman & Rahul Mukherjee & Linda L. Tesar, 2018. "Financial Constraints, Institutions, and Foreign Ownership," AMSE Working Papers 1847, Aix-Marseille School of Economics, France.
    7. Isil Erel & Rose C. Liao & Michael S. Weisbach, 2012. "Determinants of Cross‐Border Mergers and Acquisitions," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 67(3), pages 1045-1082, June.
    8. Jin, Jing & Liao, Rose C. & Loureiro, Gilberto, 2021. "The diverse effects of currency crises on multinational and local firms: The use of foreign currency debt," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    9. Rahul Mukherjee & Christian Proebsting, 2017. "Acquirers and Financial Constraints: Theory and Evidence from Emerging Markets," IHEID Working Papers 21-2017, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies.
    10. Joe, Denis Yongmin & Oh, Frederick Dongchuhl, 2017. "Foreign investor behavior in Korea after the 1997 Asian financial crisis," Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 69-78.
    11. García-Vega, María & Gupta, Apoorva & Kneller, Richard, 2023. "Is acquisition-FDI during an economic crisis detrimental for domestic innovation?," DICE Discussion Papers 403, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE).
    12. Ang, James & Knill, April & Mauck, Nathan, 2017. "Cross-border opportunity sets: An international empirical study based on ownership types," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 1-26.
    13. Nachiket Thakkar & Kiran Ambreen Ayub, 2022. "External Debt Default and Foreign Direct Investments," Bulletin of Applied Economics, Risk Market Journals, vol. 9(2), pages 223-237.
    14. Magnanelli, Barbara Sveva & Nasta, Luigi & Ramazio, Emanuele, 2022. "Bid premiums and cumulative abnormal returns: An empirical investigation on the consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 49(C).
    15. Ray, Anna, 2016. "Expanding Multinationals - Conglomerate M&A and Activity-Basket Proximity," Conference papers 332693, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project.
    16. S. Veeramani & Abha Shukla & Mariam Jamaleh, 2020. "Financial theories of foreign direct investment: a review of literature," Economia e Politica Industriale: Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, Springer;Associazione Amici di Economia e Politica Industriale, vol. 47(2), pages 185-217, June.
    17. Han, Wontae & Wang, Jian & Wang, Xiao, 2022. "FDI and firm productivity in host countries: The role of financial constraints," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    18. Kellard, Neil M. & Kontonikas, Alexandros & Lamla, Michael J. & Maiani, Stefano & Wood, Geoffrey, 2022. "Risk, financial stability and FDI," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    19. Wang, Jian & Wu, Jason, 2021. "Is capital flow management effective? Evidence based on U.S. monetary policy shocks," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
    20. Paolo Bartesaghi & Michele Benzi & Gian Paolo Clemente & Rosanna Grassi & Ernesto Estrada, 2019. "Risk-dependent centrality in economic and financial networks," Papers 1907.07908, arXiv.org, revised Apr 2020.
    21. Polyxeni, Kechagia & Theodore, Metaxas, 2019. "An empirical investigation of FDI inflows in developing economies: Terrorism as a determinant factor," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, vol. 20(C).
    22. Anusha Chari, 2020. "The International Market for Corporate Control," NBER Working Papers 26843, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    23. Dell'Erba, Salvatore & Reinhardt, Dennis, 2015. "FDI, debt and capital controls," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 29-50.
    24. Xie, En & Reddy, K.S. & Liang, Jie, 2017. "Country-specific determinants of cross-border mergers and acquisitions: A comprehensive review and future research directions," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 52(2), pages 127-183.
    25. Beccari, Gabriele & Pisicoli, Beniamino & Vocalelli, Giorgio, 2023. "Barbarians at the gate? FDI and target firms’ management quality," MPRA Paper 117242, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    26. Blomkvist, Katarina & Kappen, Philip & Zander, Ivo, 2023. "Weathering storms – Technological exploration of MNCs in times of financial crisis," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 58(2).
    27. Ayton, Julie & Rao-Nicholson, Rekha, 2018. "Cross-border arbitrage and acquirers’ returns in the Eurozone crisis," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 87-102.
    28. Yılmaz Akyüz, 2015. "Foreign Direct Investment, Investment Agreements, and Economic Development: Myths and Realities," Ekonomi-tek - International Economics Journal, Turkish Economic Association, vol. 4(1), pages 1-47, January.
    29. Ang, James & Knill, April & Mauck, Nathan, 2014. "Investment Opportunity Sets of Real Assets: An International Empirical Study Based on Ownership Types," MPRA Paper 53359, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    30. Paul Luk & Tianxiao Zheng, 2020. "Foreign Direct Investment and Debt Financing in Emerging Economies," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 52(4), pages 863-905, June.

  6. Rahul Mukherjee, 2011. "Country Portfolios with Imperfect Corporate Governance," IHEID Working Papers 08-2011, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies.

    Cited by:

    1. Joseph Steinberg, 2017. "Online Appendix to "International Portfolio Diversification and the Structure of Global Production"," Online Appendices 16-74, Review of Economic Dynamics.
    2. Nicolas Coeurdacier & Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas, 2008. "When bonds matter: home bias in goods and assets," Working Paper Series 2008-25, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
    3. Zhang, Ning, 2019. "Country portfolios under global imbalances," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 302-317.
    4. Vo, Xuan Vinh & Nguyen, Dong Phong & Ho, Viet Tien & Nguyen, Trung Thong, 2017. "Where do the advanced countries invest? An investigation of capital flows from advanced countries to emerging economies," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 142-154.
    5. Ning Zhang, 2018. "Asset home bias in debtor and creditor countries," Working Papers 2019_11, Business School - Economics, University of Glasgow.
    6. Ning Zhang, 2019. "Asset home bias in debtor and creditor countries," 2019 Meeting Papers 850, Society for Economic Dynamics.
    7. Hari Venkatesh & Jyoti Kumari & Gourishankar S. Hiremath & Hiranmoy Roy, 2021. "Foreign Institutional Investors: Fair-Weather Friends or Smart Traders?," Journal of Quantitative Economics, Springer;The Indian Econometric Society (TIES), vol. 19(2), pages 291-316, June.

Articles

  1. Mukherjee, Rahul & Proebsting, Christian, 2021. "Acquirers and financial constraints: Theory and evidence from emerging markets," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
    See citations under working paper version above.
  2. Alquist, Ron & Berman, Nicolas & Mukherjee, Rahul & Tesar, Linda L., 2019. "Financial constraints, institutions, and foreign ownership," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 63-83.
    See citations under working paper version above.
  3. Alquist, Ron & Mukherjee, Rahul & Tesar, Linda, 2016. "Fire-sale FDI or business as usual?," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 93-113.
    See citations under working paper version above.
  4. Epstein, Brendan & Mukherjee, Rahul & Ramnath, Shanthi, 2016. "Taxes and international risk sharing," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 310-326.
    See citations under working paper version above.
  5. Mukherjee, Rahul, 2015. "Institutions, Corporate Governance and Capital Flows," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 96(2), pages 338-359.
    See citations under working paper version above.Sorry, no citations of articles recorded.

More information

Research fields, statistics, top rankings, if available.

Statistics

Access and download statistics for all items

Co-authorship network on CollEc

NEP Fields

NEP is an announcement service for new working papers, with a weekly report in each of many fields. This author has had 19 papers announced in NEP. These are the fields, ordered by number of announcements, along with their dates. If the author is listed in the directory of specialists for this field, a link is also provided.
  1. NEP-INT: International Trade (13) 2013-03-16 2013-06-16 2014-12-24 2015-06-27 2015-06-27 2015-08-19 2018-02-05 2018-02-12 2018-02-19 2019-01-07 2019-01-07 2020-03-30 2023-08-14. Author is listed
  2. NEP-CFN: Corporate Finance (9) 2015-06-27 2015-06-27 2015-11-07 2017-12-11 2018-02-12 2018-02-19 2019-01-07 2019-01-07 2020-03-30. Author is listed
  3. NEP-IFN: International Finance (4) 2011-04-16 2013-03-16 2013-05-24 2013-06-16
  4. NEP-ACC: Accounting and Auditing (3) 2014-07-05 2018-02-12 2023-08-14
  5. NEP-DGE: Dynamic General Equilibrium (2) 2013-05-24 2020-04-20
  6. NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics (2) 2020-04-20 2023-08-14
  7. NEP-PBE: Public Economics (2) 2014-07-05 2023-08-14
  8. NEP-PUB: Public Finance (2) 2014-07-05 2023-08-14
  9. NEP-BAN: Banking (1) 2015-06-27
  10. NEP-LMA: Labor Markets - Supply, Demand, and Wages (1) 2020-04-20
  11. NEP-OPM: Open Economy Macroeconomics (1) 2014-07-05

Corrections

All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. For general information on how to correct material on RePEc, see these instructions.

To update listings or check citations waiting for approval, Rahul Mukherjee should log into the RePEc Author Service.

To make corrections to the bibliographic information of a particular item, find the technical contact on the abstract page of that item. There, details are also given on how to add or correct references and citations.

To link different versions of the same work, where versions have a different title, use this form. Note that if the versions have a very similar title and are in the author's profile, the links will usually be created automatically.

Please note that most corrections can take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.