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A Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment for Campylobacter in Petting Zoos

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  • Eric G. Evers
  • Petra A. Berk
  • Mijke L. Horneman
  • Frans M. van Leusden
  • Rob de Jonge

Abstract

The significance of petting zoos for transmission of Campylobacter to humans and the effect of interventions were estimated. A stochastic QMRA model simulating a child or adult visiting a Dutch petting zoo was built. The model describes the transmission of Campylobacter in animal feces from the various animal species, fences, and the playground to ingestion by visitors through touching these so‐called carriers and subsequently touching their lips. Extensive field and laboratory research was done to fulfill data needs. Fecal contamination on all carriers was measured by swabbing in 10 petting zoos, using Escherichia coli as an indicator. Carrier‐hand and hand‐lip touching frequencies were estimated by, in total, 13 days of observations of visitors by two observers at two petting zoos. The transmission from carrier to hand and from hand to lip by touching was measured using preapplied cow feces to which E. coli WG5 was added as an indicator. Via a Beta‐Poisson dose‐response function, the number of Campylobacter cases for the whole of the Netherlands (16 million population) in a year was estimated at 187 and 52 for children and adults, respectively, so 239 in total. This is significantly lower than previous QMRA results on chicken fillet and drinking water consumption. Scenarios of 90% reduction of the contamination (meant to mimic cleaning) of all fences and just goat fences reduces the number of cases by 82% and 75%, respectively. The model can easily be adapted for other fecally transmitted pathogens.

Suggested Citation

  • Eric G. Evers & Petra A. Berk & Mijke L. Horneman & Frans M. van Leusden & Rob de Jonge, 2014. "A Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment for Campylobacter in Petting Zoos," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 34(9), pages 1618-1638, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:riskan:v:34:y:2014:i:9:p:1618-1638
    DOI: 10.1111/risa.12197
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Maarten J. Nauta & Wilma F. Jacobs‐Reitsma & Arie H. Havelaar, 2007. "A Risk Assessment Model for Campylobacter in Broiler Meat," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 27(4), pages 845-861, August.
    2. Halûk Özkaynak & Jianping Xue & Valerie G. Zartarian & Graham Glen & Luther Smith, 2011. "Modeled Estimates of Soil and Dust Ingestion Rates for Children," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 31(4), pages 592-608, April.
    3. Arie H. Havelaar & Marie‐Josee J. Mangen & Aline A. De Koeijer & Marc‐Jeroen Bogaardt & Eric G. Evers & Wilma F. Jacobs‐Reitsma & Wilfrid Van Pelt & Jaap A. Wagenaar & G. Ardine De Wit & Henk Van Der , 2007. "Effectiveness and Efficiency of Controlling Campylobacter on Broiler Chicken Meat," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 27(4), pages 831-844, August.
    4. P. F. M. Teunis & A. H. Havelaar, 2000. "The Beta Poisson Dose‐Response Model Is Not a Single‐Hit Model," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 20(4), pages 513-520, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. B. Chapman & K. Pintar & B. A. Smith, 2018. "Multi‐Exposure Pathway Model to Compare Escherichia coli O157 Risks and Interventions," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 38(2), pages 392-409, February.
    2. Katarina D.M. Pintar & Kate M. Thomas & Tanya Christidis & Ainsley Otten & Andrea Nesbitt & Barbara Marshall & Frank Pollari & Matt Hurst & Andre Ravel, 2017. "A Comparative Exposure Assessment of Campylobacter in Ontario, Canada," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(4), pages 677-715, April.

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