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Quantification and Analysis of Micro-Level Activities Data from Children Aged 1–12 Years Old for Use in the Assessments of Exposure to Recycled Tire on Turf and Playgrounds

Author

Listed:
  • Nicolas Lopez-Galvez

    (Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
    San Diego State University Research Foundation, School of Public Health, San Diego, CA 92182, USA)

  • Jocelyn Claude

    (Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Sacramento, CA 95812, USA)

  • Patty Wong

    (Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Sacramento, CA 95812, USA)

  • Asa Bradman

    (Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
    Department of Public Health, School of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA)

  • Carly Hyland

    (Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA)

  • Rosemary Castorina

    (Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA)

  • Robert A. Canales

    (Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA)

  • Dean Billheimer

    (Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
    Center for Biomedical Informatics and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA)

  • Elmira Torabzadeh

    (Center for Biomedical Informatics and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA)

  • James O. Leckie

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA)

  • Paloma I. Beamer

    (Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA)

Abstract

Background: There are growing health concerns about exposure to toxicants released from recycled tire rubber, which is commonly used in synthetic turf and playground mats. To better estimate children’s exposure and risk from recycled tire rubber used in synthetic turf and playground mats, there is a need to collect detailed accurate information on mouthing activity and dermal contact behaviors. The objective of this study was to quantify and analyze micro-level activity time series (MLATS) data from children aged 1–12 years old while playing (non-sport-related games) at turf-like locations and playgrounds. Another objective was to estimate the incidental ingestion rate of rubber crumb among children. Methods: Hand and mouth contact frequency, hourly duration, and median contact duration with different objects were calculated for children playing on turf (i.e., parks, lawns, and gardens) (n = 56) and for children playing on playground structures (n = 24). Statistically significant differences between males and females as well as children’s age groups were evaluated. The daily incidental ingestion rate of rubber crumb was calculated. Results: For children playing on turf, there were significant differences between younger (1–6 y) and older (7–12 y) children for the mouthing median duration with non-dietary objects and all objects. For children playing on playground structures, we found significant mouthing frequency differences between younger (1–6 y) and older children (7–12 y) with all objects, and for mouthing median duration with non-dietary objects. There were no significant differences between males and females playing on artificial turf-like surfaces or playground mats. Our estimated mean incidental ingestion rate was 0.08, 0.07, and 0.08 g rubber crumb/day for children <2, 2–6, and 6–11 years old, respectively. Discussion: our results suggest that age and contact duration should be considered in risk assessment models to evaluate mouthing activities when children are playing on artificial turf surfaces or playground mats.

Suggested Citation

  • Nicolas Lopez-Galvez & Jocelyn Claude & Patty Wong & Asa Bradman & Carly Hyland & Rosemary Castorina & Robert A. Canales & Dean Billheimer & Elmira Torabzadeh & James O. Leckie & Paloma I. Beamer, 2022. "Quantification and Analysis of Micro-Level Activities Data from Children Aged 1–12 Years Old for Use in the Assessments of Exposure to Recycled Tire on Turf and Playgrounds," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-16, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:4:p:2483-:d:754978
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. John C. Kissel & Karen Y. Richter & Richard A. Fenske, 1996. "Field Measurement of Dermal Soil Loading Attributable to Various Activities: Implications for Exposure Assessment," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 16(1), pages 115-125, February.
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