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Soil, Hand, and Body Adherence Measures across Four Beach Areas: Potential Influence on Exposure to Oil Spill Chemicals

Author

Listed:
  • Alesia Ferguson

    (Department of Built Environment, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA)

  • Ashok Kumar Dwivedi

    (Department of Built Environment, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA)

  • Esther Ehindero

    (Department of Built Environment, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA)

  • Foluke Adelabu

    (Department of Built Environment, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA)

  • Kyra Rattler

    (School of Social Work, University of Arkansas Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA)

  • Hanna Rose Perone

    (Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA)

  • Larissa Montas

    (Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA)

  • Kristina Mena

    (School of Public Health, University of Texas-Houston, El Paso, TX 79905, USA)

  • Helena Solo-Gabriele

    (Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA)

Abstract

Skin adherence (SA) of soil affects exposure from soil contaminants through dermal routes via loading on the skin and through ingestion routes through hand to mouth activities. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationships between adherence versus child-specific and environmental factors. Two sets of soil-to-skin adherence were evaluated. The first was based on loading on hands following hand presses (Hand SA). The second was based on body rinses following one hour of play activities on the beach (Body SA). Results for 98–119 children conducted at four beach sites show that mean Hand SA was 35.7 mg/cm 2 (std. dev. 41.8 mg/cm 2 ), while Body SA based on full coverage was 352.3 mg/cm 2 (std. dev. 250.4 mg/cm 2 ). Statistically significant differences in Body SA were observed between male (419.2 mg/cm 2 ) and female (300.4 mg/cm 2 ) children ( p < 0.05). No significant difference by sex was found for Hand SA. Other statistically different observations were that Hand SA ( p < 0.05), but not Body SA, differed across the four beaches ( p < 0.05). For Hand SA, this difference was associated soil size variability across the beaches. Hand and Body SA values measured during this study are recommended for use in risk assessments that evaluate beach exposures to oil spill chemicals for young children.

Suggested Citation

  • Alesia Ferguson & Ashok Kumar Dwivedi & Esther Ehindero & Foluke Adelabu & Kyra Rattler & Hanna Rose Perone & Larissa Montas & Kristina Mena & Helena Solo-Gabriele, 2020. "Soil, Hand, and Body Adherence Measures across Four Beach Areas: Potential Influence on Exposure to Oil Spill Chemicals," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-19, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:12:p:4196-:d:370619
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Lara E. Tomenchok & Maribeth L. Gidley & Kristina D. Mena & Alesia C. Ferguson & Helena M. Solo-Gabriele, 2020. "Children’s Abrasions in Recreational Beach Areas and a Review of Possible Wound Infections," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-11, June.
    2. Paloma I. Beamer & Robert A. Canales & Alesia C. Ferguson & James O. Leckie & Asa Bradman, 2012. "Relative Pesticide and Exposure Route Contribution to Aggregate and Cumulative Dose in Young Farmworker Children," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 9(1), pages 1-24, January.
    3. Jennifer C. Black & Jennifer N. Welday & Brian Buckley & Alesia Ferguson & Patrick L. Gurian & Kristina D. Mena & Ill Yang & Elizabeth McCandlish & Helena M. Solo-Gabriele, 2016. "Risk Assessment for Children Exposed to Beach Sands Impacted by Oil Spill Chemicals," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-18, August.
    4. John C. Kissel & Karen Y. Richter & Richard A. Fenske, 1996. "Field Measurement of Dermal Soil Loading Attributable to Various Activities: Implications for Exposure Assessment," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 16(1), pages 115-125, February.
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    Cited by:

    1. Alesia Ferguson & Ashok Dwivedi & Foluke Adelabu & Esther Ehindero & Mehdi Lamssali & Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi & Kristina Mena & Helena Solo-Gabriele, 2021. "Quantified Activity Patterns for Young Children in Beach Environments Relevant for Exposure to Contaminants," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-19, March.
    2. Tanu Altomare & Patrick M. Tarwater & Alesia C. Ferguson & Helena M. Solo-Gabriele & Kristina D. Mena, 2020. "Estimating Health Risks to Children Associated with Recreational Play on Oil Spill-Contaminated Beaches," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(1), pages 1-10, December.

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