IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/apecpp/v46y2024i1p217-233.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Limits to capital: Assessing the role of race on the Paycheck Protection Program for African American farmers in America

Author

Listed:
  • Ana Claudia Sant'Anna
  • Kevin N. Kim
  • Iryna Demko

Abstract

We examine Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) lending among African American and white farmers. Using data from the U.S. Small Business Administration we run fixed effect estimations with a Mills inverse ratio. Our findings suggest discrimination due to limited capital access. We find statistically significant differences between approved loan amounts among African American farmers due to income level and location of their farms. These had minimal effects on white farmers. Our results call for policymakers to carefully monitor the PPP distribution in areas more vulnerable to financial difficulties. We provide policy recommendations.

Suggested Citation

  • Ana Claudia Sant'Anna & Kevin N. Kim & Iryna Demko, 2024. "Limits to capital: Assessing the role of race on the Paycheck Protection Program for African American farmers in America," Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 46(1), pages 217-233, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:apecpp:v:46:y:2024:i:1:p:217-233
    DOI: 10.1002/aepp.13338
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13338
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1002/aepp.13338?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Escalante, Cesar L. & Brooks, Rodney L. & Epperson, James E. & Stegelin, Forrest E., 2006. "Credit Risk Assessment and Racial Minority Lending at the Farm Service Agency," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 38(1), pages 61-75, April.
    2. Sant’Anna, Ana Claudia & Cowley, Cortney & Katchova, Ani L., 2021. "Examining the Relationship between Land Values and Credit Availability," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 53(2), pages 209-228, May.
    3. David Crockett, 2022. "Racial Oppression and Racial Projects in Consumer Markets: A Racial Formation Theory Approach [The Ghetto Marketing Life Cycle: A Case of Underachievement]," Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research Inc., vol. 49(1), pages 1-24.
    4. Humphries, John Eric & Neilson, Christopher A. & Ulyssea, Gabriel, 2020. "Information frictions and access to the Paycheck Protection Program," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).
    5. Autor, David & Cho, David & Crane, Leland D. & Goldar, Mita & Lutz, Byron & Montes, Joshua & Peterman, William B. & Ratner, David & Villar, Daniel & Yildirmaz, Ahu, 2022. "An evaluation of the Paycheck Protection Program using administrative payroll microdata," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 211(C).
    6. Hungerford, Ashley & Effland, Anne & Johansson, Robert, 2021. "Agricultural and Food Policy Response to COVID-19," Choices: The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resource Issues, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 36(3), May.
    7. Giri, Anil K. & Subedi, Dipak & Peterson, E. Wesley F. & McDonald, Tia M., 2021. "Impact of the Paycheck Protection Program on U.S. Producers," Choices: The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resource Issues, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 36(3), August.
    8. Escalante, Cesar L. & Osinubi, Adenola & Dodson, Charles & Taylor, Carmina E., 2018. "Looking Beyond Farm Loan Approval Decisions: Loan Pricing And Nonpricing Terms For Socially Disadvantaged Farm Borrowers," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 50(1), pages 129-148, February.
    9. Timothy Bates & Alicia Robb, 2013. "Greater Access to Capital Is Needed to Unleash the Local Economic Development Potential of Minority-Owned Businesses," Economic Development Quarterly, , vol. 27(3), pages 250-259, August.
    10. Chandra K. Dhakal & Cesar L. Escalante & Charles Dodson, 2019. "Heterogeneity of farm loan packaging term decisions: a finite mixture approach," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(18), pages 1528-1532, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ashok K. Mishra & Gianna Short & Charles B. Dodson, 2024. "Racial disparities in farm loan application processing: Are Black farmers disadvantaged?," Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 46(1), pages 111-136, March.
    2. Staples, Aaron J. & Deming, Kristopher & Malone, Trey & Carpenter, Craig W. & Weiler, Stephan, 2024. "Pouring the Paycheck Protection Program into craft beer: PPP employment effects in service-intensive industries," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 21(C).
    3. T. William Lester & Matthew D. Wilson, 2023. "The Racial and Spatial Impacts of the Paycheck Protection Program," Economic Development Quarterly, , vol. 37(3), pages 243-258, August.
    4. Iryna Demko & Ana Claudia Sant’Anna, 2023. "Impact of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender on the SBA Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) Loan Amounts," Economic Development Quarterly, , vol. 37(3), pages 211-229, August.
    5. Sriya Anbil & Mark A. Carlson & Mary-Frances Styczynski, 2021. "The Effect of the PPPLF on PPP Lending by Commercial Banks," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2021-030, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    6. Anil K. Giri & Dipak Subedi & Kathleen Kassel, 2024. "Analysis of the payments from the coronavirus food assistance program and the market facilitation program to minority producers," Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 46(1), pages 189-201, March.
    7. Sant'Anna, Ana Claudia, 2023. "Examining the Relationship Between Women, Minority Farmers, and Diversity in the Leadership of Farm Credit Institutions," 97th Annual Conference, March 27-29, 2023, Warwick University, Coventry, UK 334564, Agricultural Economics Society - AES.
    8. Cesar L. Escalante & Penghui Gao & William Secor, 2024. "Loan packaging decisions for beginning African American and other socially disadvantaged farmers," American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 83(1), pages 109-126, January.
    9. Aaron J. Staples & Thomas P. Krumel, 2023. "The Paycheck Protection Program and small business performance: Evidence from craft breweries," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 61(3), pages 931-956, October.
    10. Rachel Atkins & Lisa Cook & Robert Seamans, 2022. "Discrimination in lending? Evidence from the Paycheck Protection Program," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 58(2), pages 843-865, February.
    11. Sariyer, Gorkem & Kahraman, Serpil & Sözen, Mert Erkan & Ataman, Mustafa Gokalp, 2023. "Fiscal responses to COVID-19 outbreak for healthy economies: Modelling with big data analytics," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 191-198.
    12. Doniger, Cynthia L. & Kay, Benjamin, 2023. "Long-lived employment effects of delays in emergency financing for small businesses," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 78-91.
    13. Daniel G. Neely & Gregory D. Saxton & Paul A. Wong, 2023. "Nonprofit Organizations’ Financial Obligations and the Paycheck Protection Program," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(7), pages 4353-4361, July.
    14. Allen, Kyle D. & Whitledge, Matthew D., 2022. "Further evidence on the effectiveness of community banks in the Paycheck Protection Program," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 47(PA).
    15. Marsh, W. Blake & Sharma, Padma, 2024. "Loan guarantees in a crisis: An antidote to a credit crunch?," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    16. Nivala, Annika, 2024. "(No) Effects of Subsidizing the First Employee: Evidence of a Low Take-up Puzzle Among Firms," Working Papers 166, VATT Institute for Economic Research.
    17. Guerrero-Amezaga, Maria Elena & Humphries, John Eric & Neilson, Christopher A. & Shimberg, Naomi & Ulyssea, Gabriel, 2022. "Small firms and the pandemic: Evidence from Latin America," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    18. Lei Li & Philip Strahan, 2020. "Who Supplies PPP Loans (And Does it Matter)? Banks, Relationships and the COVID Crisis," NBER Working Papers 28286, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    19. Santos, Cezar & Kozeniauskas, Nicholas & Moreira, Pedro, 2020. "Covid-19 and Firms: Productivity and Government Policies," CEPR Discussion Papers 15156, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    20. Michael Smart & Matthew Kronberg & Josip Lesica & Danny Leung & Huju Liu, 2023. "The Employment Effects of a Pandemic Wage Subsidy," CESifo Working Paper Series 10218, CESifo.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:apecpp:v:46:y:2024:i:1:p:217-233. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://doi.org/10.1002/(ISSN)2040-5804 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.