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Random Walks on Directed Networks: Inference and Respondent-Driven Sampling

Author

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  • Malmros Jens

    (Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.)

  • Masuda Naoki

    (Department of Mathematical Informatics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.)

  • Britton Tom

    (Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Merchant Venturers Building, Woodland Road, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1UB, United Kingdom.)

Abstract

Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is often used to estimate population properties (e.g., sexual risk behavior) in hard-to-reach populations. In RDS, already sampled individuals recruit population members to the sample from their social contacts in an efficient snowball-like sampling procedure. By assuming a Markov model for the recruitment of individuals, asymptotically unbiased estimates of population characteristics can be obtained. Current RDS estimation methodology assumes that the social network is undirected, that is, all edges are reciprocal. However, empirical social networks in general also include a substantial number of nonreciprocal edges. In this article, we develop an estimation method for RDS in populations connected by social networks that include reciprocal and nonreciprocal edges. We derive estimators of the selection probabilities of individuals as a function of the number of outgoing edges of sampled individuals. The proposed estimators are evaluated on artificial and empirical networks and are shown to generally perform better than existing estimators. This is the case in particular when the fraction of directed edges in the network is large.

Suggested Citation

  • Malmros Jens & Masuda Naoki & Britton Tom, 2016. "Random Walks on Directed Networks: Inference and Respondent-Driven Sampling," Journal of Official Statistics, Sciendo, vol. 32(2), pages 433-459, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:vrs:offsta:v:32:y:2016:i:2:p:433-459:n:11
    DOI: 10.1515/jos-2016-0023
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gile, Krista J., 2011. "Improved Inference for Respondent-Driven Sampling Data With Application to HIV Prevalence Estimation," Journal of the American Statistical Association, American Statistical Association, vol. 106(493), pages 135-146.
    2. Krista J. Gile & Mark S. Handcock, 2015. "Network model-assisted inference from respondent-driven sampling data," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 178(3), pages 619-639, June.
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