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Identifying Latent Structures in Restricted Latent Class Models

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  • Gongjun Xu
  • Zhuoran Shang

Abstract

This article focuses on a family of restricted latent structure models with wide applications in psychological and educational assessment, where the model parameters are restricted via a latent structure matrix to reflect prespecified assumptions on the latent attributes. Such a latent matrix is often provided by experts and assumed to be correct upon construction, yet it may be subjective and misspecified. Recognizing this problem, researchers have been developing methods to estimate the matrix from data. However, the fundamental issue of the identifiability of the latent structure matrix has not been addressed until now. The first goal of this article is to establish identifiability conditions that ensure the estimability of the structure matrix. With the theoretical development, the second part of the article proposes a likelihood-based method to estimate the latent structure from the data. Simulation studies show that the proposed method outperforms the existing approaches. We further illustrate the method through a dataset in educational assessment. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.

Suggested Citation

  • Gongjun Xu & Zhuoran Shang, 2018. "Identifying Latent Structures in Restricted Latent Class Models," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 113(523), pages 1284-1295, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:jnlasa:v:113:y:2018:i:523:p:1284-1295
    DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2017.1340889
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    Cited by:

    1. Juntao Wang & Yuan Li, 2023. "DINA Model with Entropy Penalization," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(18), pages 1-16, September.
    2. Zhenghao Zeng & Yuqi Gu & Gongjun Xu, 2023. "A Tensor-EM Method for Large-Scale Latent Class Analysis with Binary Responses," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 88(2), pages 580-612, June.
    3. Meng-Ta Chung & Shui-Lien Chen, 2021. "A Deterministic Learning Algorithm Estimating the Q-Matrix for Cognitive Diagnosis Models," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(23), pages 1-11, November.
    4. Chenchen Ma & Jimmy Torre & Gongjun Xu, 2023. "Bridging Parametric and Nonparametric Methods in Cognitive Diagnosis," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 88(1), pages 51-75, March.
    5. Yinghan Chen & Ying Liu & Steven Andrew Culpepper & Yuguo Chen, 2021. "Inferring the Number of Attributes for the Exploratory DINA Model," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 86(1), pages 30-64, March.
    6. Steven Andrew Culpepper, 2019. "An Exploratory Diagnostic Model for Ordinal Responses with Binary Attributes: Identifiability and Estimation," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 84(4), pages 921-940, December.
    7. Yinghan Chen & Steven Andrew Culpepper & Yuguo Chen, 2023. "Bayesian Inference for an Unknown Number of Attributes in Restricted Latent Class Models," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 88(2), pages 613-635, June.
    8. Chengcheng Li & Chenchen Ma & Gongjun Xu, 2022. "Learning Large Q-Matrix by Restricted Boltzmann Machines," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 87(3), pages 1010-1041, September.
    9. Steven Andrew Culpepper, 2019. "Estimating the Cognitive Diagnosis $$\varvec{Q}$$ Q Matrix with Expert Knowledge: Application to the Fraction-Subtraction Dataset," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 84(2), pages 333-357, June.
    10. David Arthur & Hua-Hua Chang, 2024. "DINA-BAG: A Bagging Algorithm for DINA Model Parameter Estimation in Small Samples," Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, , vol. 49(3), pages 342-367, June.
    11. Zhenke Wu & Livia Casciola‐Rosen & Antony Rosen & Scott L. Zeger, 2021. "A Bayesian approach to restricted latent class models for scientifically structured clustering of multivariate binary outcomes," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 77(4), pages 1431-1444, December.
    12. Kazuhiro Yamaguchi & Jonathan Templin, 2022. "Direct Estimation of Diagnostic Classification Model Attribute Mastery Profiles via a Collapsed Gibbs Sampling Algorithm," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 87(4), pages 1390-1421, December.
    13. Steven Andrew Culpepper, 2023. "A Note on Weaker Conditions for Identifying Restricted Latent Class Models for Binary Responses," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 88(1), pages 158-174, March.
    14. Chenchen Ma & Jing Ouyang & Gongjun Xu, 2023. "Learning Latent and Hierarchical Structures in Cognitive Diagnosis Models," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 88(1), pages 175-207, March.
    15. Yuqi Gu & Jingchen Liu & Gongjun Xu & Zhiliang Ying, 2018. "Hypothesis Testing of the Q-matrix," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 83(3), pages 515-537, September.
    16. Jimmy de la Torre & Xue-Lan Qiu & Kevin Carl Santos, 2022. "An Empirical Q-Matrix Validation Method for the Polytomous G-DINA Model," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 87(2), pages 693-724, June.
    17. Chun Wang & Jing Lu, 2021. "Learning Attribute Hierarchies From Data: Two Exploratory Approaches," Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, , vol. 46(1), pages 58-84, February.
    18. Motonori Oka & Kensuke Okada, 2023. "Scalable Bayesian Approach for the Dina Q-Matrix Estimation Combining Stochastic Optimization and Variational Inference," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 88(1), pages 302-331, March.
    19. Peida Zhan & Wen-Chung Wang & Xiaomin Li, 2020. "A Partial Mastery, Higher-Order Latent Structural Model for Polytomous Attributes in Cognitive Diagnostic Assessments," Journal of Classification, Springer;The Classification Society, vol. 37(2), pages 328-351, July.
    20. Jing Ouyang & Gongjun Xu, 2022. "Identifiability of Latent Class Models with Covariates," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 87(4), pages 1343-1360, December.
    21. Kazuhiro Yamaguchi, 2023. "Bayesian Analysis Methods for Two-Level Diagnosis Classification Models," Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, , vol. 48(6), pages 773-809, December.
    22. James Joseph Balamuta & Steven Andrew Culpepper, 2022. "Exploratory Restricted Latent Class Models with Monotonicity Requirements under PÒLYA–GAMMA Data Augmentation," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 87(3), pages 903-945, September.
    23. Kazuhiro Yamaguchi & Jonathan Templin, 2022. "A Gibbs Sampling Algorithm with Monotonicity Constraints for Diagnostic Classification Models," Journal of Classification, Springer;The Classification Society, vol. 39(1), pages 24-54, March.
    24. Guanhua Fang & Jingchen Liu & Zhiliang Ying, 2019. "On the Identifiability of Diagnostic Classification Models," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 84(1), pages 19-40, March.

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