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A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Spirituality and Quality of Life

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  • Rick Sawatzky
  • Pamela Ratner
  • Lyren Chiu

Abstract

The relationship between spirituality and various dimensions of health and quality of life has been extensively examined during the past decade. Though several literature reviews have been conducted in an attempt to synthesize research findings pertaining to the relationship between spirituality and health, a meta-analysis of studies examining spirituality in relation to quality of life has not been identified. The present study was designed to: (a) determine whether there is empirical support for a relationship between spirituality and quality of life, (b) provide an estimate of the strength of this relationship, and (c) examine potential moderating variables affecting this relationship. The research design followed accepted methods for quantitative meta-synthesis. Potential moderating effects of several methodological differences and sample characteristics were examined using meta-analytic approaches with multivariate linear regression and analysis of variance. An extensive multidisciplinary literature search resulted in 3,040 published reports that were manually screened according to pre-established selection criteria. Subsequent to the selection process, 62 primary effect sizes from 51 studies were included in the final analysis. A random effects model of the bivariate correlation between spirituality and quality of life resulted in a moderate effect size (r=0.34, 95% CI: 0.28–0.40), thereby providing support for the theoretical framework underlying the study wherein spirituality was depicted as a unique concept that stands in relationship to quality of life. Subsequent regression analyses indicated that differences among operational definitions of spirituality and quality of life were associated with the variability in estimates of the magnitude of the relationship (R 2 =0.27). Other potential moderators, such as age, gender, ethnicity, religious affiliation and sampling method were examined but the findings pertaining to these variables were inconclusive because of limitations associated with the sample of primary studies. The implications of this study are mostly theoretical in nature and raise questions about the commonly assumed multidimensional conceptualization of quality of life. Copyright Springer 2005

Suggested Citation

  • Rick Sawatzky & Pamela Ratner & Lyren Chiu, 2005. "A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Spirituality and Quality of Life," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 72(2), pages 153-188, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:soinre:v:72:y:2005:i:2:p:153-188
    DOI: 10.1007/s11205-004-5577-x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Theresa Beckie & Leslie Hayduk, 1997. "Measuring Quality of Life," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 42(1), pages 21-39, September.
    2. Gerd Ringdal, 1996. "Religiosity, quality of life, and survival in cancer patients," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 38(2), pages 193-211, June.
    3. James Peacock & Margaret Poloma, 1999. "Religiosity and Life Satisfaction Across the Life Course," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 48(3), pages 319-343, November.
    4. Levin, Jeffrey S., 1994. "Religion and health: Is there an association, is it valid, and is it causal?," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 38(11), pages 1475-1482, June.
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    1. Christopher Einolf, 2013. "Daily Spiritual Experiences and Prosocial Behavior," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 110(1), pages 71-87, January.
    2. Valerie Møller & Michelle Cocks & Susanne Vetter, 2023. "Nature-Connectedness and Well-Being Experienced During Best and Worst Times of Life: A Case for Safeguarding Biocultural Diversity," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 165(3), pages 1053-1089, February.
    3. Janusz Surzykiewicz & Sebastian Binyamin Skalski & Małgorzata Niesiobędzka & Loren L. Toussaint & Karol Konaszewski, 2022. "Polish Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Long- and Short-Form Interfaith Spirituality Scale," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-12, October.
    4. Kyuri Baek & Yunseon Choe & Seungjae Lee & Gyehee Lee & Tae-Il Pae, 2022. "The Effects of Pilgrimage on the Meaning in Life and Life Satisfaction as Moderated by the Tourist’s Faith Maturity," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-20, March.
    5. Robert Buckingham & Adelle Sushames, 2021. "The Benefits of Belief: the Place of Spirituality and Religiosity in the CD-RISC," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 16(2), pages 487-500, April.
    6. Sibnath Deb & Esben Strodl, 2019. "Quality of Life and Spirituality in Indian University Students," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 14(2), pages 393-408, April.
    7. Lance Newey & Rui Torres Oliveira, 2019. "Wellbeing as Emergent from the Leveraging of Polarities: Harnessing Component Interdependencies," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 144(2), pages 575-600, July.
    8. James Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 2011. "Is it God or Just the Data that Moves in Mysterious Ways? How Well-Being Research may be Mistaking Faith for Virtue," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 100(2), pages 313-330, January.
    9. Keith Zullig & Rose Ward & Thelma Horn, 2006. "The Association Between Perceived Spirituality, Religiosity, and Life Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Self-Rated Health," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 79(2), pages 255-274, November.
    10. Kitty Chan & Bas Verplanken & Suzanne Skevington, 2017. "Cross Cultural Application of the WHOQOL-SRPB in the Chinese Community with Diverse Spiritual Affiliations," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 132(1), pages 291-312, May.
    11. Amy L. Ai & Arthur A. Raney & Bu Huang, 2023. "Well-being Following Hurricane Michael: Complex Pathways Involving Substance Use and Character Strengths," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 18(1), pages 435-453, February.
    12. Christopher Ellison & Daisy Fan, 2008. "Daily Spiritual Experiences and Psychological Well-being Among US Adults," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 88(2), pages 247-271, September.
    13. Kosher, Hanita & Ben-Arieh, Asher, 2017. "Religion and subjective well-being among children: A comparison of six religion groups," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 63-77.
    14. Ahmed M Abdel-Khalek & Adel Shokry Korayem & David Lester, 2021. "Religiosity as a predictor of mental health in Egyptian teenagers in preparatory and secondary school," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 67(3), pages 260-268, May.
    15. James Cin Len Khai & Ma. Lourdes C. Medina, 2024. "A Quantitative Study on the Relationship between Spiritual Well-Being and Psychological Well-Being among Novice Clergy and Senior Priests in Myanmar," International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), vol. 11(8), pages 680-693, August.
    16. Sefa Awaworyi Churchill & Samuelson Appau & Lisa Farrell, 2019. "Religiosity, income and wellbeing in developing countries," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 56(3), pages 959-985, March.

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