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Measuring Loneliness Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: The UCLA and de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scales

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  • Margaret Penning
  • Guiping Liu
  • Pak Chou

Abstract

This study examined the measurement and invariance properties of the R-UCLA and de Jong Gierveld loneliness scales for research involving middle-aged and older adults. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) of data from interviews with adults aged 45–84 revealed limited support for the unidimensionality of either scale while subsequent analyses indicated the multidimensionality of both. However, method effects associated with positive and negative item wording were also evident. Multiple group CFAs provided limited support for assumptions of measurement invariance across age groups and from baseline to follow-up with regard to the R-UCLA scale. In contrast, strong measurement invariance across age groups and successive measurements was established for the bi-dimensional dJG scale. Overall, the findings supported the relative utility of the dJG scale for research involving middle-aged and older adults but suggested a need for attention to the implications of method effects associated with item wording and lack of measurement invariance with respect to item residuals. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014

Suggested Citation

  • Margaret Penning & Guiping Liu & Pak Chou, 2014. "Measuring Loneliness Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: The UCLA and de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scales," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 118(3), pages 1147-1166, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:soinre:v:118:y:2014:i:3:p:1147-1166
    DOI: 10.1007/s11205-013-0461-1
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    1. Jose M. Tomás & Sacramento Pinazo-Hernandis & Mónica Donio-Bellegarde & Pedro M. Hontangas, 2017. "Validity of the de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale in Spanish older population: competitive structural models and item response theory," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 14(4), pages 429-437, December.
    2. Soumi Muhuri & Sanghamitra Basu, 2018. "Developing Residential Social Cohesion Index for High-Rise Group Housing Complexes in India," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 137(3), pages 923-947, June.
    3. André Hajek & Benedikt Kretzler & Hans-Helmut König, 2020. "Multimorbidity, Loneliness, and Social Isolation. A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-12, November.
    4. Ricardo Pagan & Miguel Angel Malo, 2024. "Dynamic Analysis of Loneliness at Older Ages in Europe by Gender," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 19(4), pages 1601-1630, August.
    5. André Hajek & Hans-Helmut König, 2022. "Climate Anxiety, Loneliness and Perceived Social Isolation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-11, November.
    6. Md. Sazedur Rahman & Md. Ashfikur Rahman & Md. Saidur Rahman, 2019. "Prevalence and Determinants of Loneliness among Older Adults in Bangladesh," International Journal of Emerging Trends in Social Sciences, Scientific Publishing Institute, vol. 5(2), pages 57-64.
    7. Thijs van den Broek & Marco Tosi, 2020. "The More the Merrier? The Causal Effect of High Fertility on Later-Life Loneliness in Eastern Europe," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 149(2), pages 733-748, June.
    8. Marlies Maes & Pamela Qualter & Gerine M. A. Lodder & Marcus Mund, 2022. "How (Not) to Measure Loneliness: A Review of the Eight Most Commonly Used Scales," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-37, August.
    9. d'Hombres, Beatrice & Barjaková, Martina & Schnepf, Sylke V., 2021. "Loneliness and Social Isolation: An Unequally Shared Burden in Europe," IZA Discussion Papers 14245, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    10. Thijs van den Broek & Jack Lam & Cecilia Potente, 2024. "Do middle-aged and older people underreport loneliness? experimental evidence from the Netherlands," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 1-10, December.
    11. Urszula Tymoszuk & Neta Spiro & Rosie Perkins & Adele Mason-Bertrand & Kate Gee & Aaron Williamon, 2021. "Arts engagement trends in the United Kingdom and their mental and social wellbeing implications: HEartS Survey," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(3), pages 1-35, March.
    12. Mary Ann Jarvis & Anita Padmanabhanunni & Jennifer Chipps, 2019. "An Evaluation of a Low-Intensity Cognitive Behavioral Therapy mHealth-Supported Intervention to Reduce Loneliness in Older People," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-14, April.
    13. Hiromi Taniguchi & Gayle Kaufman, 2022. "Family, Collectivism, and Loneliness from a Cross-Country Perspective," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 17(3), pages 1555-1581, June.
    14. Pagan, Ricardo & Malo, Miguel, 2021. "Dynamic analysis of loneliness and disability at older ages in Europe by gender," MPRA Paper 110616, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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