IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/snbeco/v5y2025i1d10.1007_s43546-024-00778-4.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Benchmarking economic performance of Indian States through supply and demand side financial inclusion indices: a DEA approach

Author

Listed:
  • Anup Kumar Yadava

    (University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES))

  • Vishal Yadav

    (Pondicherry University)

  • Bhanu Pratap Singh

    (Banaras Hindu University)

Abstract

Financial inclusion plays a vital role in financial development and in achieving developmental goals. This study assesses the performance of Indian states using a multidimensional Financial Inclusion Index (FII) as an input and economic growth as the output variable. The study computes the supply and demand sides of the FII for 27 major Indian states from 2010 to 2021. Utilizing the supply and demand side FIIs as inputs and the actual net state domestic product as the output, non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models are applied to measure the technical efficiency of states. The results show that Goa and Tamil Nadu lead in the respective supply and demand-side indices. Moreover, Maharashtra exhibits high performance and serves as a benchmark for other states in both the Constant Returns to Scale (CRS) and Variable Returns to Scale (VRS) DEA models, consistent with the FII indices of these states. The findings of the study suggest that most states are operating at lower levels of financial inclusion, and that deepening financial services will enhance scale efficiency. Therefore, along with improving financial services in economically disadvantaged and underperforming states, focus should be given to moderating factors such as human development, infrastructure, and institutional quality within the policy framework, which affect the efficacy of FII in promoting growth and explaining the variations in economic performance observed among different states in India.

Suggested Citation

  • Anup Kumar Yadava & Vishal Yadav & Bhanu Pratap Singh, 2025. "Benchmarking economic performance of Indian States through supply and demand side financial inclusion indices: a DEA approach," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 5(1), pages 1-25, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:snbeco:v:5:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1007_s43546-024-00778-4
    DOI: 10.1007/s43546-024-00778-4
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s43546-024-00778-4
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s43546-024-00778-4?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chuka Ifediora & Kenechukwu Onochie Offor & Eze Festus Eze & Samuel Manyo Takon & Anthony Eboselume Ageme & Godwin Imo Ibe & Josaphat U. J. Onwumere, 2022. "Financial inclusion and its impact on economic growth: Empirical evidence from sub-Saharan Africa," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(1), pages 2060551-206, December.
    2. Mandira Sarma, 2015. "Measuring financial inclusion," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 35(1), pages 604-611.
    3. Oyewo Babajide Michael & Oyewole Oyedayo Sharon, 2014. "Financial System, Financial Inclusion and Economic development in Nigeria," International Journal of Management Sciences, Research Academy of Social Sciences, vol. 2(3), pages 139-148.
    4. Minhaj Ali & Shujahat H. Hashmi & Muhammad R. Nazir & Ahmer Bilal & Muhammad I. Nazir, 2021. "Does financial inclusion enhance economic growth? Empirical evidence from the IsDB member countries," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(4), pages 5235-5258, October.
    5. Suchitra Behera & Samir Ranjan Behera, 2018. "District-wise Comparative Study of Banking Penetration and Financial Inclusion in Odisha," Emerging Economy Studies, International Management Institute, vol. 4(2), pages 129-146, November.
    6. Cyn-Young Park & Rogelio Mercado, 2018. "Financial Inclusion, Poverty, And Income Inequality," The Singapore Economic Review (SER), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 63(01), pages 185-206, March.
    7. Charnes, A. & Cooper, W. W. & Rhodes, E., 1978. "Measuring the efficiency of decision making units," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 2(6), pages 429-444, November.
    8. Robert G. King & Ross Levine, 1993. "Finance and Growth: Schumpeter Might Be Right," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 108(3), pages 717-737.
    9. Yadav, Vishal & Singh, Shishir Kumar & Velan, Nirmala & Aftab, Md Asif, 2020. "Impact Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana in Augmenting Financial Inclusion in India - A District-Level Analysis," MPRA Paper 105064, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Oscar Chiwira, 2021. "The Co-Integrating Relationship between Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth in the Southern African Development Community," Eurasian Journal of Economics and Finance, Eurasian Publications, vol. 9(3), pages 170-188.
    11. Moïse Bigirimana & Xu Hongyi, 2018. "Research on Relationship between Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth of Rwanda: Evidence from Commercial Banks with ARDL Approach," International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development, Inovatus Services Ltd., vol. 4(1), pages 7-18, April.
    12. King, Robert G. & Levine, Ross, 1993. "Finance, entrepreneurship and growth: Theory and evidence," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(3), pages 513-542, December.
    13. Olajide Oyadeyi, 2024. "Banking Innovation, Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth in Nigeria," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(2), pages 7014-7043, June.
    14. Barine Michael Nwidobie, 2019. "Financial Inclusion Index in Nigeria: An Exploratory Analysis," International Journal of Publication and Social Studies, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 4(1), pages 26-36.
    15. Noelia Cámara & David Tuesta, 2018. "Measuring financial inclusion: a multidimensional index," IFC Bulletins chapters, in: Bank for International Settlements (ed.), The role of data in supporting financial inclusion policy, volume 47, Bank for International Settlements.
    16. Tarsem Lal, 2018. "Impact of financial inclusion on poverty alleviation through cooperative banks," International Journal of Social Economics, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 45(5), pages 808-828, May.
    17. Lucas, Robert Jr., 1988. "On the mechanics of economic development," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 3-42, July.
    18. Chattopadhyay, Sadhan Kumar, 2011. "Financial Inclusion in India: A case-study of West Bengal," MPRA Paper 34269, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2011.
    19. Kenechukwu J. Nwisienyi & Onyeka A. Obi, 2020. "An Analysis of Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth in Nigeria; An ARDL Approach," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 4(10), pages 126-134, October.
    20. Chima M. Menyelim & Abiola A. Babajide & Alexander E. Omankhanlen & Benjamin I. Ehikioya, 2021. "Financial Inclusion, Income Inequality and Sustainable Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan African Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-15, February.
    21. Sanjaya Kumar Lenka & Ruchi Sharma, 2017. "Does Financial Inclusion Spur Economic Growth in India?," Journal of Developing Areas, Tennessee State University, College of Business, vol. 51(3), pages 215-228, July-Sept.
    22. Ummahani Akter & S. M. Rakibul Anwar & Riduanul Mustafa & Zulfiqure Ali, 2021. "Revisiting the Impact of Mobile Banking in Financial Inclusion Among the Developing Countries," International Journal of Financial Research, International Journal of Financial Research, Sciedu Press, vol. 12(2), pages 62-74, April.
    23. Mandira Sarma, 2008. "Index of Financial Inclusion," Finance Working Papers 22259, East Asian Bureau of Economic Research.
    24. Dinabandhu Sethi & Debashis Acharya, 2018. "Financial inclusion and economic growth linkage: some cross country evidence," Journal of Financial Economic Policy, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 10(3), pages 369-385, June.
    25. Thi Thu Tra Pham & Thai Vu Hong Nguyen & KienSon Nguyen, 2019. "Does bank competition promote financial inclusion? A cross-country evidence," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(13), pages 1133-1137, July.
    26. Rudra P. Pradhan & Pragyan P. Sahoo, 2021. "Are there links between financial inclusion, mobile telephony, and economic growth? Evidence from Indian states," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(4), pages 310-314, February.
    27. R. D. Banker & A. Charnes & W. W. Cooper, 1984. "Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 30(9), pages 1078-1092, September.
    28. Barine Michael Nwidobie, 2019. "Financial Inclusion Index in Nigeria: An Exploratory Analysis," International Journal of Publication and Social Studies, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 4(1), pages 26-36, March.
    29. Siddiki, Jalal & Bala-Keffi, Ladi R., 2024. "Revisiting the relation between financial inclusion and economic growth: a global analysis using panel threshold regression," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    30. Recep YORULMAZ, 2013. "Construction of a Regional Financial Inclusion Index in Turkey," Journal of BRSA Banking and Financial Markets, Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency, vol. 7(1), pages 79-101.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Yadava, Anup Kumar & Singh, Bhanu Pratap & Yadav, Vishal, 2021. "Nexus of Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth: Benchmarking the Performance of Indian States," MPRA Paper 108479, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Bhanu Pratap Singh & Annu Kumari & Tanya Sharma & Abhishek Malhotra, 2021. "Financial inclusion, Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna Scheme and economic growth: Evidence from Indian States," Economic Notes, Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena SpA, vol. 50(3), November.
    3. Bhanu Pratap Singh & Anup Kumar Yadava, 2022. "Technical efficiency of financial inclusion and human development: Insights from the Indian states," Economic Notes, Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena SpA, vol. 51(2), July.
    4. Yadav, Vishal & Singh, Shishir Kumar & Velan, Nirmala & Aftab, Md Asif, 2020. "Impact Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana in Augmenting Financial Inclusion in India - A District-Level Analysis," MPRA Paper 105064, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Minhaj Ali & Shujahat H. Hashmi & Muhammad R. Nazir & Ahmer Bilal & Muhammad I. Nazir, 2021. "Does financial inclusion enhance economic growth? Empirical evidence from the IsDB member countries," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(4), pages 5235-5258, October.
    6. Kalandi Charan Pradhan & Ritik Sharma, 2022. "Assessing the spatiotemporal financial inclusion and its determinants: a sub-national analysis of India," Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, Springer, vol. 6(2), pages 635-681, June.
    7. Singh, Bhanu Pratap & Kumari, Annu & Sharma, Tanya & Malhotra, Abhishek, 2020. "Does PMJDY Scheme Augment Financial Inclusion in India? Evidence from Indian States," MPRA Paper 104733, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    8. Singh, Bhanu Pratap & Kumari, Annu & Sharma, Tanya & Malhotra, Abhishek, 2020. "Does PMJDY Scheme Augmented Financial Inclusion in India? Evidence from Indian States," MPRA Paper 104442, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Amit Pandey & Ravi Kiran & Rakesh Kumar Sharma, 2023. "Investigating the Determinants of Financial Inclusion in BRICS Economies: Panel Data Analysis Using Fixed-Effect and Cross-Section Random Effect," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-21, January.
    10. Tram, Thi Xuan Huong & Lai, Tien Dinh & Nguyen, Thi Truc Huong, 2023. "Constructing a composite financial inclusion index for developing economies," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 257-265.
    11. Shahzad Hussain & Ajid ur Rehman & Sabeeh Ullah & Abdul Waheed & Shoaib Hassan, 2024. "Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth: Comparative Panel Evidence from Developed and Developing Asian Countries," SAGE Open, , vol. 14(1), pages 21582440241, February.
    12. Ayushi Raichoudhury, 2020. "Major Determinants of Financial Inclusion: State-Level Evidences from India," Vision, , vol. 24(2), pages 151-159, June.
    13. Mai, Nhat Chi, 2015. "Efficiency of the banking system in Vietnam under financial liberalization," OSF Preprints qsf6d, Center for Open Science.
    14. Barine Michael Nwidobie, 2019. "Financial Inclusion Index in Nigeria: An Exploratory Analysis," International Journal of Publication and Social Studies, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 4(1), pages 26-36, March.
    15. Inès Gharbi & Aïda Kammoun, 2023. "Developing a Multidimensional Financial Inclusion Index: A Comparison Based on Income Groups," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-19, June.
    16. Thanh Tam Le & Nguyen Dieu Linh Dang & Thi Dieu Thu Nguyen & Thanh Son Vu & Manh Dung Tran, 2019. "Determinants of Financial Inclusion: Comparative Study of Asian Countries," Asian Economic and Financial Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 9(10), pages 1107-1123, October.
    17. US Thathsarani & Jianguo Wei & GRSRC Samaraweera, 2021. "Financial Inclusion’s Role in Economic Growth and Human Capital in South Asia: An Econometric Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-18, April.
    18. Menyelim M. Chima & Abiola Ayopo Babajide & Alex Adegboye & Segun Kehinde & Oluwatobi Fasheyitan, 2021. "The Relevance of Financial Inclusion on Sustainable Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan African Nations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-20, May.
    19. Nasir Khan & Mahwish Zafar & Abiodun Funso Okunlola & Zeman Zoltan & Magda Robert, 2022. "Effects of Financial Inclusion on Economic Growth, Poverty, Sustainability, and Financial Efficiency: Evidence from the G20 Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-19, October.
    20. Thanh, Ngo, 2011. "Effectiveness of the Global Banking System in 2010: A Data Envelopment Analysis approach," MPRA Paper 56389, University Library of Munich, Germany.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Financial inclusion; Economic growth; Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA); Indian states;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • O4 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity
    • O47 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence
    • C31 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions; Social Interaction Models
    • C18 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - Methodolical Issues: General
    • C50 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - General

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:snbeco:v:5:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1007_s43546-024-00778-4. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.