IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/jbecon/v93y2023i6d10.1007_s11573-023-01172-6.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Recent developments in Business Economics

Author

Listed:
  • Wolfgang Breuer

    (RWTH Aachen University)

  • Jannis Bischof

    (University of Mannheim)

  • Christian Hofmann

    (LMU Munich School of Management)

  • Jochen Hundsdoerfer

    (Freie Universität Berlin)

  • Hans-Ulrich Küpper

    (LMU Munich School of Management
    University of Vienna)

  • Marko Sarstedt

    (LMU Munich School of Management
    Babeș-Bolyai University Cluj)

  • Philipp Schreck

    (Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg)

  • Tim Weitzel

    (Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg)

  • Peter Witt

    (University of Wuppertal)

Abstract

No abstract is available for this item.

Suggested Citation

  • Wolfgang Breuer & Jannis Bischof & Christian Hofmann & Jochen Hundsdoerfer & Hans-Ulrich Küpper & Marko Sarstedt & Philipp Schreck & Tim Weitzel & Peter Witt, 2023. "Recent developments in Business Economics," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 93(6), pages 989-1013, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:jbecon:v:93:y:2023:i:6:d:10.1007_s11573-023-01172-6
    DOI: 10.1007/s11573-023-01172-6
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11573-023-01172-6
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s11573-023-01172-6?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Edward E. Rigdon & Marko Sarstedt & Jan-Michael Becker, 2020. "Quantify uncertainty in behavioral research," Nature Human Behaviour, Nature, vol. 4(4), pages 329-331, April.
    2. Kirk Plangger & Dhruv Grewal & Ko Ruyter & Catherine Tucker, 2022. "The future of digital technologies in marketing: A conceptual framework and an overview," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Springer, vol. 50(6), pages 1125-1134, November.
    3. Güth, Werner & Kocher, Martin G., 2014. "More than thirty years of ultimatum bargaining experiments: Motives, variations, and a survey of the recent literature," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 396-409.
    4. Guanhao Feng & Stefano Giglio & Dacheng Xiu, 2020. "Taming the Factor Zoo: A Test of New Factors," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 75(3), pages 1327-1370, June.
    5. Van der Stede, Wim A., 2014. "A manipulationist view of causality in cross-sectional survey research," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 39(7), pages 567-574.
    6. Shackelford, Douglas A. & Shevlin, Terry, 2001. "Empirical tax research in accounting," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(1-3), pages 321-387, September.
    7. Stefan Hoffmann & Tom Joerß & Robert Mai & Payam Akbar, 2022. "Augmented reality-delivered product information at the point of sale: when information controllability backfires," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Springer, vol. 50(4), pages 743-776, July.
    8. Ingo Pies & Philipp Schreck & Karl Homann, 2021. "Single-objective versus multi-objective theories of the firm: using a constitutional perspective to resolve an old debate," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 15(3), pages 779-811, April.
    9. Andreas Falke & Nadine Schröder & Claudia Hofmann, 2022. "The influence of values in sustainable consumption among millennials," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 92(6), pages 899-928, August.
    10. Weaver, Gary R. & Trevino, Linda Klebe, 1994. "Normative And Empirical Business Ethics: Separation, Marriage Of Convenience, Or Marriage Of Necessity?," Business Ethics Quarterly, Cambridge University Press, vol. 4(2), pages 129-143, April.
    11. Hans B. Christensen & Luzi Hail & Christian Leuz, 2021. "Mandatory CSR and sustainability reporting: economic analysis and literature review," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 26(3), pages 1176-1248, September.
    12. Feld, Lars P. & Heckemeyer, Jost H. & Overesch, Michael, 2013. "Capital structure choice and company taxation: A meta-study," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(8), pages 2850-2866.
    13. Schreck, Philipp & Aaken, Dominik van & Donaldson, Thomas, 2013. "Positive Economics and the Normativistic Fallacy: Bridging the Two Sides of CSR," Business Ethics Quarterly, Cambridge University Press, vol. 23(2), pages 297-329, April.
    14. Christian Leuz, 2003. "IAS Versus U.S. GAAP: Information Asymmetry–Based Evidence from Germany's New Market," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(3), pages 445-472, June.
    15. Ngai, Eric W.T. & Wu, Yuanyuan, 2022. "Machine learning in marketing: A literature review, conceptual framework, and research agenda," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 35-48.
    16. Dominik Aaken & Florian Buchner, 2020. "Religion and CSR: a systematic literature review," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 90(5), pages 917-945, June.
    17. Nicholas Bloom & James Liang & John Roberts & Zhichun Jenny Ying, 2015. "Does Working from Home Work? Evidence from a Chinese Experiment," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 130(1), pages 165-218.
    18. Jörg Becker & Jan Brocke & Marcel Heddier & Stefan Seidel, 2015. "In Search of Information Systems (Grand) Challenges," Business & Information Systems Engineering: The International Journal of WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK, Springer;Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. (GI), vol. 57(6), pages 377-390, December.
    19. Davis, Brennan & Pechmann, Cornelia, 2013. "Introduction to the Special Issue on transformative consumer research: Developing theory to mobilize efforts that improve consumer and societal well-being," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 66(8), pages 1168-1170.
    20. Graham, John R. & Raedy, Jana S. & Shackelford, Douglas A., 2012. "Research in accounting for income taxes," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(1), pages 412-434.
    21. Thomas Bauer & Thomas Kourouxous & Peter Krenn, 2018. "Taxation and agency conflicts between firm owners and managers: a review," Business Research, Springer;German Academic Association for Business Research, vol. 11(1), pages 33-76, February.
    22. Michael C. Jensen, 2010. "Value Maximization, Stakeholder Theory, and the Corporate Objective Function," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 22(1), pages 32-42, January.
    23. Thomas Maak & Nicola M. Pless, 2006. "Responsible Leadership in a Stakeholder Society – A Relational Perspective," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 66(1), pages 99-115, June.
    24. David B. Audretsch & Christina Guenther, 2023. "SME research: SMEs’ internationalization and collaborative innovation as two central topics in the field," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 93(6), pages 1213-1229, August.
    25. Friederike Paetz & Winfried J. Steiner & Harald Hruschka, 2022. "Correction to: Advanced data analysis techniques with marketing applications," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 92(4), pages 563-564, May.
    26. Murray Z. Frank & Vidhan K. Goyal, 2009. "Capital Structure Decisions: Which Factors Are Reliably Important?," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 38(1), pages 1-37, March.
    27. Peter Gordon Roetzel & Burkhard Pedell & Daniel Groninger, 2020. "Information load in escalation situations: combustive agent or counteractive measure?," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 90(5), pages 757-786, June.
    28. Reto Hofstetter & Emanuel Bellis & Leif Brandes & Melanie Clegg & Cait Lamberton & David Reibstein & Felicia Rohlfsen & Bernd Schmitt & John Z. Zhang, 2022. "Crypto-marketing: how non-fungible tokens (NFTs) challenge traditional marketing," Marketing Letters, Springer, vol. 33(4), pages 705-711, December.
    29. Chohan, Raeesah & Paschen, Jeannette, 2023. "NFT marketing: How marketers can use nonfungible tokens in their campaigns," Business Horizons, Elsevier, vol. 66(1), pages 43-50.
    30. Benito Arruñada, 2010. "Protestants and Catholics: Similar Work Ethic, Different Social Ethic," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 120(547), pages 890-918, September.
    31. Christian Hofmann & Nina Schwaiger, 2020. "Religion, crime, and financial reporting," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 90(5), pages 879-916, June.
    32. Daniel J. Veit & Jason B. Thatcher, 2023. "Digitalization as a problem or solution? Charting the path for research on sustainable information systems," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 93(6), pages 1231-1253, August.
    33. Graham, John R., 2013. "Do Taxes Affect Corporate Decisions? A Review," Handbook of the Economics of Finance, in: G.M. Constantinides & M. Harris & R. M. Stulz (ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Finance, volume 2, chapter 0, pages 123-210, Elsevier.
    34. Allen S. Lee, 1991. "Integrating Positivist and Interpretive Approaches to Organizational Research," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 2(4), pages 342-365, November.
    35. Ball, Ray & Kothari, S. P. & Robin, Ashok, 2000. "Corrigendum to "The effect of international institutional factors on properties of accounting earnings"; [Journal of Accounting and Economics 29 (2000) 1-51]," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(2), pages 241-241, October.
    36. Hanlon, Michelle & Heitzman, Shane, 2010. "A review of tax research," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 127-178, December.
    37. Jost H. Heckemeyer & Michael Overesch, 2017. "Multinationals’ profit response to tax differentials: Effect size and shifting channels," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 50(4), pages 965-994, November.
    38. Ananish Chaudhuri, 2011. "Sustaining cooperation in laboratory public goods experiments: a selective survey of the literature," Experimental Economics, Springer;Economic Science Association, vol. 14(1), pages 47-83, March.
    39. Kay Blaufus & Malte Chirvi & Hans-Peter Huber & Ralf Maiterth & Caren Sureth-Sloane, 2022. "Tax Misperception and its Effects on Decision Making – Literature Review and Behavioral Taxpayer Response Model," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 31(1), pages 111-144, January.
    40. Ball, Ray & Kothari, S. P. & Robin, Ashok, 2000. "The effect of international institutional factors on properties of accounting earnings," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 29(1), pages 1-51, February.
    41. Rolf Uwe Fülbier & Thorsten Sellhorn, 2023. "Understanding and improving the language of business: How accounting and corporate reporting research can better serve business and society," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 93(6), pages 1089-1124, August.
    42. Jones, Thomas M. & Felps, Will, 2013. "Stakeholder Happiness Enhancement: A Neo-Utilitarian Objective for the Modern Corporation," Business Ethics Quarterly, Cambridge University Press, vol. 23(3), pages 349-379, July.
    43. Rainer Niemann & Mariana Sailer, 2023. "Is analytical tax research alive and kicking? Insights from 2000 until 2022," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 93(6), pages 1149-1212, August.
    44. Kirstin Becker & Jannis Bischof & Holger Daske, 2021. "IFRS: Markets, Practice, and Politics," Foundations and Trends(R) in Accounting, now publishers, vol. 15(1-2), pages 1-262, July.
    45. Christian Leuz, 2003. "IAS Versus U.S. GAAP: Information Asymmetry–Based Evidence from Germany's New Market," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(3), pages 445-472, June.
    46. Marcel Lichters & Marko Sarstedt & Bodo Vogt, 2015. "On the practical relevance of the attraction effect: A cautionary note and guidelines for context effect experiments," AMS Review, Springer;Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 5(1), pages 1-19, June.
    47. Helge Döring & Peter Witt, 2020. "Knowledge management in family businesses - Empirical evidence from Germany," Knowledge Management Research & Practice, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(2), pages 175-187, April.
    48. Güth, Werner & Kliemt, Hartmut, 2010. "What ethics can learn from experimental economics -- If anything," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 26(3), pages 302-310, September.
    49. John R. Graham & Mark T. Leary, 2011. "A Review of Empirical Capital Structure Research and Directions for the Future," Annual Review of Financial Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 3(1), pages 309-345, December.
    50. Elms, Heather & Brammer, Stephen & Harris, Jared D. & Phillips, Robert A., 2010. "New Directions in Strategic Management and Business Ethics," Business Ethics Quarterly, Cambridge University Press, vol. 20(3), pages 401-425, July.
    51. Fama, Eugene F. & French, Kenneth R., 2015. "A five-factor asset pricing model," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 116(1), pages 1-22.
    52. Christensen, Hans B. & Hail, Luzi & Leuz, Christian, 2013. "Mandatory IFRS reporting and changes in enforcement," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 56(2), pages 147-177.
    53. Marcel Lichters & Marko Sarstedt & Bodo Vogt, 2015. "On the practical relevance of the attraction effect: A cautionary note and guidelines for context effect experiments," Business & Information Systems Engineering: The International Journal of WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK, Springer;Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. (GI), vol. 5(1), pages 1-19, June.
    54. Trevino, Linda Klebe & Weaver, Gary R., 1994. "Business ETHICS/BUSINESS ethics: One Field or Two?," Business Ethics Quarterly, Cambridge University Press, vol. 4(2), pages 113-128, April.
    55. Martin Jacob, 2022. "Real Effects of Corporate Taxation: A Review," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 31(1), pages 269-296, January.
    56. Berg Joyce & Dickhaut John & McCabe Kevin, 1995. "Trust, Reciprocity, and Social History," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 10(1), pages 122-142, July.
    57. Fama, Eugene F & French, Kenneth R, 1992. "The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 47(2), pages 427-465, June.
    58. Friederike Paetz & Winfried J. Steiner & Harald Hruschka, 2022. "“Advanced data analysis techniques with marketing applications”," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 92(4), pages 557-561, May.
    59. Donaldson, Thomas, 1994. "When Integration Fails: The Logic of Prescription and Description in Business Ethics," Business Ethics Quarterly, Cambridge University Press, vol. 4(2), pages 157-169, April.
    60. Michelle Hanlon & Shane Heitzman, 2022. "Corporate Debt and Taxes," Annual Review of Financial Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 14(1), pages 509-534, November.
    61. John Hulland & Hans Baumgartner & Keith Marion Smith, 2018. "Marketing survey research best practices: evidence and recommendations from a review of JAMS articles," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Springer, vol. 46(1), pages 92-108, January.
    62. Björn Stöcker & Daniel Baier & Benedikt M. Brand, 2021. "New insights in online fashion retail returns from a customers’ perspective and their dynamics," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 91(8), pages 1149-1187, October.
    63. William F. Sharpe, 1964. "Capital Asset Prices: A Theory Of Market Equilibrium Under Conditions Of Risk," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 19(3), pages 425-442, September.
    64. Felix B. Buesching & Dennis M. Steininger & Daniel J. Veit, 2023. "Governing digital crisis responses: platform standards and the dilemma of COVID-19 contact tracing," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 93(1), pages 267-323, January.
    65. Jost H. Heckemeyer & Michael Overesch, 2017. "Multinationals profit response to tax differentials: Effect size and shifting channels," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 50(4), pages 965-994, November.
    66. Ball, Ray & Robin, Ashok & Wu, Joanna Shuang, 2003. "Incentives versus standards: properties of accounting income in four East Asian countries," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 36(1-3), pages 235-270, December.
    67. Smith, Michael, 2022. "Monetizing virtuous employees," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    68. Noreen, Eric, 1988. "The economics of ethics: A new perspective on agency theory," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 13(4), pages 359-369, June.
    69. Manfred Bruhn & Andrea Gröppel-Klein & Manfred Kirchgeorg, 2023. "Managerial marketing and behavioral marketing: when myths about marketing management and consumer behavior lead to a misconception of the discipline," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 93(6), pages 1055-1088, August.
    70. Andreas Falke & Harald Hruschka, 2022. "Analyzing browsing across websites by machine learning methods," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 92(5), pages 829-852, July.
    71. Wujin Chu & Hyunsik Kim & Meeja Im, 2021. "Patience and the adoption of electric vehicles: an application of the dual-self model," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 91(6), pages 851-866, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Hans B. Christensen & Luzi Hail & Christian Leuz, 2021. "Mandatory CSR and sustainability reporting: economic analysis and literature review," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 26(3), pages 1176-1248, September.
    2. Eliwa, Yasser & Haslam, Jim & Abraham, Santhosh, 2021. "Earnings quality and analysts’ information environment: Evidence from the EU market," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 42(C).
    3. Irene Karamanou & George P. Nishiotis, 2009. "Disclosure and the Cost of Capital: Evidence from the Market's Reaction to Firm Voluntary Adoption of IAS," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(7‐8), pages 793-821, September.
    4. Tanya Y.H. Tang, 2015. "Does Book-Tax Conformity Deter Opportunistic Book and Tax Reporting? An International Analysis," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(3), pages 441-469, September.
    5. Kerr, Jon N., 2019. "The value relevance of taxes: International evidence on the proxy for profitability role of tax surprise," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(2), pages 297-305.
    6. Hanlon, Michelle & Heitzman, Shane, 2010. "A review of tax research," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 127-178, December.
    7. Massimiliano Bonacchi & Antonio Marra & Paul Zarowin, 2019. "Organizational structure and earnings quality of private and public firms," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 24(3), pages 1066-1113, September.
    8. El-Helaly, Moataz & Ntim, Collins G. & Al-Gazzar, Manar, 2020. "Diffusion theory, national corruption and IFRS adoption around the world," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 38(C).
    9. Wolfgang Breuer, 2023. "The Journal of Business Economics in the 21st Century," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 93(6), pages 981-987, August.
    10. Dechow, Patricia & Ge, Weili & Schrand, Catherine, 2010. "Understanding earnings quality: A review of the proxies, their determinants and their consequences," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 344-401, December.
    11. Thomas Hemmelgarn & Daniel Teichmann, 2014. "Tax reforms and the capital structure of banks," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 21(4), pages 645-693, August.
    12. Anton Astakhov & Tomas Havranek & Jiri Novak, 2019. "Firm Size And Stock Returns: A Quantitative Survey," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(5), pages 1463-1492, December.
    13. Jannis Bischof & Joachim Gassen & Anna Rohlfing-Bastian & Davud Rostam-Afschar & Caren Sureth-Sloane, 2024. "Accounting for Transparency: a Framework and Three Applications in Tax, Managerial, and Financial Accounting," Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, Springer, vol. 76(4), pages 573-611, December.
    14. Castro, F. Henrique & Santana, Verônica, 2018. "Informativeness of stock prices after IFRS adoption in Brazil," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 47, pages 46-59.
    15. Hans B. Christensen & Edward Lee & Martin Walker & Cheng Zeng, 2015. "Incentives or Standards: What Determines Accounting Quality Changes around IFRS Adoption?," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(1), pages 31-61, May.
    16. Marra, Antonio & Mazzola, Pietro & Prencipe, Annalisa, 2011. "Board Monitoring and Earnings Management Pre- and Post-IFRS," The International Journal of Accounting, Elsevier, vol. 46(2), pages 205-230, June.
    17. Ma, Tian & Leong, Wen Jun & Jiang, Fuwei, 2023. "A latent factor model for the Chinese stock market," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    18. da Silva, Ricardo Luiz Menezes & Nardi, Paula Carolina Ciampaglia, 2017. "Full adoption of IFRSs in Brazil: Earnings quality and the cost of equity capital," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 1057-1073.
    19. Mai, Nhat Chi, 2012. "Market timing, taxes and capital structure: evidence from Vietnam," OSF Preprints t3mvs, Center for Open Science.
    20. Chan, Ann L.-C. & Hsu, Audrey W.-H. & Lee, Edward, 2015. "Mandatory adoption of IFRS and timely loss recognition across Europe: The effect of corporate finance incentives," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 70-82.

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • M00 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - General - - - General
    • M10 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Business Administration - - - General
    • M20 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Business Economics - - - General

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:jbecon:v:93:y:2023:i:6:d:10.1007_s11573-023-01172-6. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.