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Multimodal or intermodal: greenhouse gas emissions in less than container load in China–Pakistan trade

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  • Rizwan Shoukat

    (Southwest Jiaotong University
    National Engineering Laboratory of Integrated Transportation Big Data Application Technology
    Lab of National United Engineering Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Transportation)

Abstract

The most important factors to consider in transportation are the items being transported, the origin and destination locations, the length of the trip, the mode of transportation required (truck, train, plane, or ship), the shipping due dates, the costs, the level of security, regulation, and monitoring, and the costs. Specifically, the goal of this study is to determine the cost of, delivery time for, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to the import of less than container load (LCL) from China to Pakistan. For the multiobjective problem, we employed the mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) approach to construct it while keeping the supply and demand constraints in mind. We tackled the problem using a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm and developed Pareto optimal solutions that could trade-off cost, time, and GHG emission in order to achieve the best possible result. According to the data, which was received from one of Pakistan’s top logistics service companies, using intermodal transportation to carry a ten-tonne product from Shanghai in China to Kasur in Pakistan will cost 37 per cent more, take 14 per cent longer, and emit more greenhouse gases than using traditional multimodal transportation.

Suggested Citation

  • Rizwan Shoukat, 2023. "Multimodal or intermodal: greenhouse gas emissions in less than container load in China–Pakistan trade," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 43(2), pages 265-280, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:envsyd:v:43:y:2023:i:2:d:10.1007_s10669-022-09887-7
    DOI: 10.1007/s10669-022-09887-7
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    References listed on IDEAS

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