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Explainable product backorder prediction exploiting CNN: Introducing explainable models in businesses

Author

Listed:
  • Md Shajalal

    (Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT
    University of Siegen)

  • Alexander Boden

    (Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT
    Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Science)

  • Gunnar Stevens

    (University of Siegen
    Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Science)

Abstract

Due to expected positive impacts on business, the application of artificial intelligence has been widely increased. The decision-making procedures of those models are often complex and not easily understandable to the company’s stakeholders, i.e. the people having to follow up on recommendations or try to understand automated decisions of a system. This opaqueness and black-box nature might hinder adoption, as users struggle to make sense and trust the predictions of AI models. Recent research on eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) focused mainly on explaining the models to AI experts with the purpose of debugging and improving the performance of the models. In this article, we explore how such systems could be made explainable to the stakeholders. For doing so, we propose a new convolutional neural network (CNN)-based explainable predictive model for product backorder prediction in inventory management. Backorders are orders that customers place for products that are currently not in stock. The company now takes the risk to produce or acquire the backordered products while in the meantime, customers can cancel their orders if that takes too long, leaving the company with unsold items in their inventory. Hence, for their strategic inventory management, companies need to make decisions based on assumptions. Our argument is that these tasks can be improved by offering explanations for AI recommendations. Hence, our research investigates how such explanations could be provided, employing Shapley additive explanations to explain the overall models’ priority in decision-making. Besides that, we introduce locally interpretable surrogate models that can explain any individual prediction of a model. The experimental results demonstrate effectiveness in predicting backorders in terms of standard evaluation metrics and outperform known related works with AUC 0.9489. Our approach demonstrates how current limitations of predictive technologies can be addressed in the business domain.

Suggested Citation

  • Md Shajalal & Alexander Boden & Gunnar Stevens, 2022. "Explainable product backorder prediction exploiting CNN: Introducing explainable models in businesses," Electronic Markets, Springer;IIM University of St. Gallen, vol. 32(4), pages 2107-2122, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:spr:elmark:v:32:y:2022:i:4:d:10.1007_s12525-022-00599-z
    DOI: 10.1007/s12525-022-00599-z
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ransome Epie Bawack & Samuel Fosso Wamba & Kevin Daniel André Carillo & Shahriar Akter, 2022. "Artificial intelligence in E-Commerce: a bibliometric study and literature review," Electronic Markets, Springer;IIM University of St. Gallen, vol. 32(1), pages 297-338, March.
    2. Niklas Bussmann & Paolo Giudici & Dimitri Marinelli & Jochen Papenbrock, 2021. "Explainable Machine Learning in Credit Risk Management," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 57(1), pages 203-216, January.
    3. Scott Thiebes & Sebastian Lins & Ali Sunyaev, 2021. "Trustworthy artificial intelligence," Electronic Markets, Springer;IIM University of St. Gallen, vol. 31(2), pages 447-464, June.
    4. Nowak Andrzej S. & Radzik Tadeusz, 1994. "The Shapley Value for n-Person Games in Generalized Characteristic Function Form," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 6(1), pages 150-161, January.
    5. Christian Janiesch & Patrick Zschech & Kai Heinrich, 2021. "Machine learning and deep learning," Electronic Markets, Springer;IIM University of St. Gallen, vol. 31(3), pages 685-695, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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    Cited by:

    1. Christian Meske & Babak Abedin & Mathias Klier & Fethi Rabhi, 2022. "Explainable and responsible artificial intelligence," Electronic Markets, Springer;IIM University of St. Gallen, vol. 32(4), pages 2103-2106, December.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    eXplainable artificial intelligence (XAI); Backorder prediction; CNN; Local explanation; Global explanation;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • M1 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Business Administration
    • M15 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Business Administration - - - IT Management
    • O33 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
    • C80 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs - - - General

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