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Analyzing Relationships of Necessity Not Just in Kind But Also in Degree

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  • Barbara Vis
  • Jan Dul

Abstract

Analyzing relationships of necessity is important for both scholarly and applied research questions in the social sciences. An often-used technique for identifying such relationships— fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA)—has limited ability to make the most out of the data used. The set-theoretical technique fsQCA makes statements in kind (e.g., “a condition or configuration is necessary or not for an outcome†), thereby ignoring the variation in degree . We propose to apply a recently developed technique for identifying relationships of necessity that can make both statements in kind and in degree , thus making full use of variation in the data: Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA). With its ability to also make statements in degree (“a specific level of a condition is necessary or not for a specific level of the outcome†), NCA can complement the in kind analysis of necessity with fsQCA.

Suggested Citation

  • Barbara Vis & Jan Dul, 2018. "Analyzing Relationships of Necessity Not Just in Kind But Also in Degree," Sociological Methods & Research, , vol. 47(4), pages 872-899, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:somere:v:47:y:2018:i:4:p:872-899
    DOI: 10.1177/0049124115626179
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    6. Lipset, Seymour Martin, 1959. "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy1," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 53(1), pages 69-105, March.
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    Cited by:

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    4. Pedro Torres & Pedro Godinho, 2022. "Levels of necessity of entrepreneurial ecosystems elements," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 59(1), pages 29-45, June.
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    6. Nebenführ, Miriam, 2024. "The impact of host country institutional factors on international investments," Discussion Papers of the Institute for Organisational Economics 8/2024, University of Münster, Institute for Organisational Economics.
    7. Richter, Nicole Franziska & Hauff, Sven, 2022. "Necessary conditions in international business research–Advancing the field with a new perspective on causality and data analysis," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 57(5).
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    9. Ana M. Greco & Georgina Guilera & Laura Maldonado-Murciano & Juana Gómez-Benito & Maite Barrios, 2022. "Proposing Necessary but Not Sufficient Conditions Analysis as a Complement of Traditional Effect Size Measures with an Illustrative Example," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-14, July.
    10. Mohammad Soltani Delgosha & Tahereh Saheb & Nastaran Hajiheydari, 0. "Modelling the Asymmetrical Relationships between Digitalisation and Sustainable Competitiveness: A Cross-Country Configurational Analysis," Information Systems Frontiers, Springer, vol. 0, pages 1-21.
    11. Yan Zhang & Jiekuan Zhang, 2024. "Examining the complex causal relationships between the digital economy and urban tourist destination competitiveness," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 57(4), pages 1-28, August.
    12. Jan Dul & Sven Hauff & Ricarda B. Bouncken, 2023. "Necessary condition analysis (NCA): review of research topics and guidelines for good practice," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 17(2), pages 683-714, February.
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    15. Anfeng Xu & Abu Bakkar Siddik & Farid Ahammad Sobhani & Md. Mominur Rahman, 2024. "Driving economic success: Fintech, tourism, FDI, and digitalization in the top 10 tourist destinations," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-11, December.
    16. Jon Bokrantz & Jan Dul, 2023. "Building and testing necessity theories in supply chain management," Journal of Supply Chain Management, Institute for Supply Management, vol. 59(1), pages 48-65, January.
    17. Sharma, Anshuman & Dwivedi, Rohita & Mariani, Marcello M. & Islam, Tahir, 2022. "Investigating the effect of advertising irritation on digital advertising effectiveness: A moderated mediation model," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
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    19. Kumbure, Mahinda Mailagaha & Tarkiainen, Anssi & Luukka, Pasi & Stoklasa, Jan & Jantunen, Ari, 2020. "Relation between managerial cognition and industrial performance: An assessment with strategic cognitive maps using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 160-172.
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