IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/sae/jocore/v42y1998i2p176-195.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Sharing the Financial Burden for U.N. and NATO Peacekeeping, 1976-1996

Author

Listed:
  • Jyoti Khanna

    (Department of Economics, Colgate University)

  • Todd Sandler
  • Hirofumi Shimizu

    (Department of Economics, Iowa State University)

Abstract

The article examines how NATO and two larger samples shared the U.N. peacekeeping financial burden from 1976 to 1996. Based on the share of gross domestic product devoted to U.N. peacekeeping, there is evidence that the rich nations are assuming a disproportionate burden of peacekeeping in the post-cold war period. This evidence is stronger for NATO than for the two larger samples. When efforts for peacekeeping not financed through the United Nations are included, the disproportionality is even clearer in the 1990s for NATO and the largest samples (accounting for 97% of U.N. peacekeeping support). Problems with alternative peacekeeping burden-sharing measures also are considered. In light of current developments, future patterns of burden sharing are anticipated, with the richer NATO allies assuming ever greater financial burdens of peacekeeping.

Suggested Citation

  • Jyoti Khanna & Todd Sandler & Hirofumi Shimizu, 1998. "Sharing the Financial Burden for U.N. and NATO Peacekeeping, 1976-1996," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 42(2), pages 176-195, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:jocore:v:42:y:1998:i:2:p:176-195
    DOI: 10.1177/0022002798042002003
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022002798042002003
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1177/0022002798042002003?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Russett, Bruce M. & Sullivan, John D., 1971. "Collective Goods and International Organization," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 25(4), pages 845-865, October.
    2. Todd Sandler, 1993. "The Economic Theory of Alliances," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 37(3), pages 446-483, September.
    3. Cornes,Richard & Sandler,Todd, 1996. "The Theory of Externalities, Public Goods, and Club Goods," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521477185, January.
    4. Hans Kammler, 1997. "Not for security only: The demand for international status and defence expenditure an introduction," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 8(1), pages 1-16.
    5. James C. Murdoch & Todd Sandler, 1982. "A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of NATO," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 26(2), pages 237-263, June.
    6. Sandler,Todd & Hartley,Keith, 1995. "The Economics of Defense," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521447287, January.
    7. Murdoch, James C., 1995. "Military alliances: Theory and empirics," Handbook of Defense Economics, in: Keith Hartley & Todd Sandler (ed.), Handbook of Defense Economics, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 5, pages 89-108, Elsevier.
    8. Sandler, Todd & Forbes, John F, 1980. "Burden Sharing, Strategy, and the Design of NATO," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 18(3), pages 425-444, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Bruce Linster & Richard Fullerton & Michael Mckee & Stephen Slate, 2001. "Rent-seeking models of international competition: An experimental investigation," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(4), pages 285-302.
    2. Hirofumi Shimizu & Todd Sandler, 2010. "Recent peacekeeping burden sharing," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(15), pages 1479-1484.
    3. Louis Parai, 2006. "A Note On The Economics Of Standby Versus Standing Peacekeeping Forces," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(5), pages 413-419.
    4. Anderton,Charles H. & Carter,John R., 2009. "Principles of Conflict Economics," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521875578, December.
    5. Renaud Bellais & Martial Foucault & Jean-Michel Oudot, 2014. "Économie de la défense," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) hal-01052607, HAL.
    6. Ansink, Erik & Weikard, Hans-Peter & Withagen, Cees, 2019. "International environmental agreements with support," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 241-252.
    7. Katharina P Coleman & Benjamin Nyblade, 2018. "Peacekeeping for profit? The scope and limits of ‘mercenary’ UN peacekeeping," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 55(6), pages 726-741, November.
    8. Ugurhan G. Berkok & Binyam Solomon, 2011. "Peacekeeping, Private Benefits and Common Agency," Chapters, in: Derek L. Braddon & Keith Hartley (ed.), Handbook on the Economics of Conflict, chapter 11, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    9. Erik Ansink & Cees A. Withagen, 2016. "Members, Joiners, Free-Riders, Supporters," CESifo Working Paper Series 5802, CESifo.
    10. Tim Haesebrouck, 2017. "NATO Burden Sharing in Libya," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 61(10), pages 2235-2261, November.
    11. Binyam Solomon, 2004. "Nato burden sharing revisited," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(3), pages 251-258.
    12. Andrew Boutton & Vito D’Orazio, 2020. "Buying blue helmets: The role of foreign aid in the construction of UN peacekeeping missions," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 57(2), pages 312-328, March.
    13. Magnus Lundgren & Kseniya Oksamytna & Katharina P Coleman, 2021. "Only as fast as its troop contributors: Incentives, capabilities, and constraints in the UN’s peacekeeping response," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 58(4), pages 671-686, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Todd Sandler, 1993. "The Economic Theory of Alliances," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 37(3), pages 446-483, September.
    2. Steven D. Roper & Lilian A. Barria, 2010. "Burden Sharing in the Funding of the UNHCR: Refugee Protection as an Impure Public Good," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 54(4), pages 616-637, August.
    3. George, Justin & Sandler, Todd, 2018. "Demand for military spending in NATO, 1968–2015: A spatial panel approach," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 222-236.
    4. Anderton,Charles H. & Carter,John R., 2009. "Principles of Conflict Economics," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521875578, December.
    5. Renaud Bellais & Martial Foucault & Jean-Michel Oudot, 2014. "Économie de la défense," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) hal-01052607, HAL.
    6. Justin George & Todd Sandler, 2022. "NATO defense demand, free riding, and the Russo-Ukrainian war in 2022," Economia e Politica Industriale: Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, Springer;Associazione Amici di Economia e Politica Industriale, vol. 49(4), pages 783-806, December.
    7. John R. Oneal, 1990. "Testing the Theory of Collective Action," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 34(3), pages 426-448, September.
    8. Vítor Gaspar, 2010. "Financial Stability and Policy Cooperation," Working Papers o201001, Banco de Portugal, Economics and Research Department.
    9. Justin George & Todd Sandler, 2021. "EU Demand for Defense, 1990–2019: A Strategic Spatial Approach," Games, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-18, February.
    10. Todd Sandler, 1999. "Alliance Formation, Alliance Expansion, and the Core," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 43(6), pages 727-747, December.
    11. Wallace J. Thies, 1987. "Alliances and Collective Goods," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 31(2), pages 298-332, June.
    12. Todd Sandler & James C. Murdoch, 2000. "On sharing NATO defence burdens in the 1990s and beyond," Fiscal Studies, Institute for Fiscal Studies, vol. 21(3), pages 297-327, September.
    13. Sandler, Todd & Tschirhart, John T, 1980. "The Economic Theory of Clubs: An Evaluative Survey," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 18(4), pages 1481-1521, December.
    14. Hansen, Laurna Jane, 1988. "Conventional versus strategic expenditures in NATO: a public goods approach," ISU General Staff Papers 1988010108000017600, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
    15. Keith Hartley & Todd Sandler, 2001. "Economics of Alliances: The Lessons for Collective Action," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 39(3), pages 869-896, September.
    16. Alejandro Quiroz Flores, 2011. "Alliances as Contiguity in Spatial Models of Military Expenditures," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 28(4), pages 402-418, September.
    17. Todd Sandler, 2024. "Tiebout jurisdictions and clubs," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 73(3), pages 857-872, October.
    18. Garcia-Alonso, Maria D.C. & Levine, Paul & Smith, Ron, 2016. "Military aid, direct intervention and counterterrorism," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 112-135.
    19. Davis B. Bobrow & Mark A. Boyer, 1997. "Maintaining System Stability," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 41(6), pages 723-748, December.
    20. Hamlin, Alan & Jennings, Colin, 2001. "Group formation and competition: instrumental and expressive approaches," Discussion Paper Series In Economics And Econometrics 110, Economics Division, School of Social Sciences, University of Southampton.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:sae:jocore:v:42:y:1998:i:2:p:176-195. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: SAGE Publications (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://pss.la.psu.edu/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.