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Modeling Differential Item Functioning Using a Generalization of the Multiple-Group Bifactor Model

Author

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  • Minjeong Jeon

    (University of California, Berkeley)

  • Frank Rijmen

    (Educational Testing Service)

  • Sophia Rabe-Hesketh

    (University of California, Berkeley and Institute of Education, University of London)

Abstract

The authors present a generalization of the multiple-group bifactor model that extends the classical bifactor model for categorical outcomes by relaxing the typical assumption of independence of the specific dimensions. In addition to the means and variances of all dimensions, the correlations among the specific dimensions are allowed to differ between groups. By including group-specific difficulty parameters, the model can be used to assess differential item functioning (DIF) for testlet-based tests. The model encompasses various item response models for polytomous data by allowing for different link functions, and it includes testlet and second-order models as special cases. Importantly, by assuming that the testlet dimensions are conditionally independent given the general dimension, the authors show, using a graphical model framework, that the integration over all latent variables can be carried out through a sequence of computations in two-dimensional subspaces, making full-information maximum likelihood estimation feasible for high-dimensional problems and large datasets. The importance of relaxing the orthogonality assumption and allowing for a different covariance structure of the dimensions for each group is demonstrated in the context of the assessment of DIF. Through a simulation study, it is shown that ignoring between-group differences in the structure of the multivariate latent space can result in substantially biased estimates of DIF.

Suggested Citation

  • Minjeong Jeon & Frank Rijmen & Sophia Rabe-Hesketh, 2013. "Modeling Differential Item Functioning Using a Generalization of the Multiple-Group Bifactor Model," Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, , vol. 38(1), pages 32-60, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:jedbes:v:38:y:2013:i:1:p:32-60
    DOI: 10.3102/1076998611432173
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Frank Rijmen & Minjeong Jeon & Matthias von Davier & Sophia Rabe-Hesketh, 2014. "A Third-Order Item Response Theory Model for Modeling the Effects of Domains and Subdomains in Large-Scale Educational Assessment Surveys," Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, , vol. 39(4), pages 235-256, August.
    2. Li Cai, 2015. "Lord–Wingersky Algorithm Version 2.0 for Hierarchical Item Factor Models with Applications in Test Scoring, Scale Alignment, and Model Fit Testing," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 80(2), pages 535-559, June.
    3. Minjeong Jeon & Sophia Rabe-Hesketh, 2016. "An autoregressive growth model for longitudinal item analysis," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 81(3), pages 830-850, September.
    4. Minjeong Jeon & Paul Boeck & Jevan Luo & Xiangrui Li & Zhong-Lin Lu, 2021. "Modeling Within-Item Dependencies in Parallel Data on Test Responses and Brain Activation," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 86(1), pages 239-271, March.
    5. Ward, Jeffrey T. & Ray, James V. & Fox, Kathleen A., 2018. "Exploring differences in self-control across sex, race, age, education, and language: Considering a bifactor MIMIC model," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 29-42.

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