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“Por trocha†: Circumventing the Episodical Criminalization of Migration in the Andes

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  • Soledad à lvarez Velasco
  • Manuel Bayón Jiménez

Abstract

We analyze how the criminalization of migration has taken hold in the borderlands of Ecuador and Colombia from 2000 to 2022, despite the existence of progressive legal frameworks in those two countries that have historically allowed for relatively open borders and recognition of migrants’ rights. We use a historical and ethnographic approach to explore how criminalizing mechanisms have been implemented, showing that the criminalization of migration happened episodically. The criminalization of migration has been justified under the legal regime of migrant-smuggling statutes, and mechanisms of criminalization have been activated only at specific junctures to halt the growth of irregularized migrations from the Global South to the U.S. We go on to argue that border crossings por trocha , as unlawful river and land pathways are locally known, have served as a strategy for resistance to criminalization and have enhanced the expansion and refinement of illegal border economies and local livelihoods.

Suggested Citation

  • Soledad à lvarez Velasco & Manuel Bayón Jiménez, 2023. "“Por trocha†: Circumventing the Episodical Criminalization of Migration in the Andes," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 709(1), pages 24-45, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:anname:v:709:y:2023:i:1:p:24-45
    DOI: 10.1177/00027162241245505
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jef Huysmans, 2000. "The European Union and the Securitization of Migration," Journal of Common Market Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(5), pages 751-777, December.
    2. David L. Suber, 2023. "Corruption and Bribery at the Border: Strategies of Survival and Adaptation between People Smugglers and Border Enforcement," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 709(1), pages 65-85, September.
    3. Ruta Nimkar & Abdullah Mohammadi, 2023. "A Widening Moral Rift: The Complex Interactions between EU Externalization and Afghan Border Ecosystems," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 709(1), pages 46-64, September.
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    1. Luigi Achilli & Antje Missbach & Soledad à lvarez Velasco, 2023. "Migration and Crime in a Divided World: Strategies, Perceptions, and Struggles," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 709(1), pages 8-22, September.

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