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Les cigales épargnent-elles ? Une comparaison des taux d'épargne français et américain

Author

Listed:
  • Hélène Baudchon
  • Valérie Chauvin

Abstract

[fre] L'évolution et le niveau du taux d'épargne des ménages aux Etats-Unis et en France préoccupent les économistes pour des raisons opposées. Depuis le début des années quatre-vingt-dix, le taux américain a nettement chuté, passant un niveau proche de 6% à presque 0% au troisième trimestre 1998. Au contraire, le taux français n'a cessé de progresser tout au long de la deuxième moitié des années quatre-vingt, avant de se stabiliser partir de 1992. Ces évolutions se justifient en partie par les cycles d'activité de chaque pays, mais l'ampleur et la durabilité restent à expliquer. En préalable la question de la soutenabilité de ces mouvements se pose la question de la significativité des chiffres. Pour y répondre, une comparaison des deux taux d'épargne est nécessaire, comparaison qui nécessite bien des ajustements des définitions du revenu, de la consommation et de l'épargne. Le premier de ces ajustements conduit à considérer une mesure brute de l'épargne conforme à la comptabilité nationale française. Toute une série de modifications sont ensuite effectuées visant à montrer dans quelle mesure la mauvaise prise en compte de certaines spécificités institutionnelles par les normes comptables influent sur le taux d'épargne. Les résultats de ces modifications ne permettent pas de gommer toute la différence de niveau entre le taux d'épargne français et le taux américain : ce dernier reste inférieur au taux français. Face à ce constat, une toute autre approche de l'épargne peut être retenue, motivée également par la révision des comptes nationaux américains de l'été 1998 : celle de la variation du patrimoine réel. Elle inclut les flux de placements (investissement logement et capacité de financement) présents dans la comptabilité nationale, mais aussi les plus-values et l'impact de l'érosion monétaire sur les actifs financiers. Le taux d'épargne américain apparaît ainsi sous un tout autre jour : en forte progression depuis quatre ans, il atteint 52% en 1997 contre 30% en France). [eng] Comparison of saving rates in France and in the US Hélène Baudchon Valérie Chauvin The households saving rate has been sliding down since the beginning of the nineties in the US whereas economists can't explain its 90-95 increase in France. Both evolutions are worrying, but are they real ? We first compute the American saving rate with the French accounting principles. Then, we evaluate how institutional features influence the level of the saving rate. Both operations confirm that the US saving rate is lower than its French counterpart and that they diverge since 1987. Such results don't incorporate holding gains, whose importance has been clearly showed by the last revision of the US accounts. They are much more important in the US because of the structure of the assets. Taking the change in real wealth as measure for saving, US households save much more than French ones and their saving rate has increased dramatically for the last four years.

Suggested Citation

  • Hélène Baudchon & Valérie Chauvin, 1999. "Les cigales épargnent-elles ? Une comparaison des taux d'épargne français et américain," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 68(1), pages 127-164.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1999_num_68_1_1713
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1999.1713
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1999.1713
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Boskin, Michael J., 1988. "Issues in the Measurement and Interpretation of Saving and Wealth," CEPR Publications 244418, Stanford University, Center for Economic Policy Research.
    2. Michael J. Boskin, 1988. "Issues in the Measurement and Interpretation of Saving and Wealth," NBER Working Papers 2633, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    3. Henri Sterdyniak, 1986. "Des conséquences patrimoniales de la désinflation," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 17(1), pages 167-208.
    4. Nicole Ernsberger & Alicia H. Munnell, 1987. "Pension contributions and the stock market," New England Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, issue Nov, pages 3-14.
    5. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/5245 is not listed on IDEAS
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    1. repec:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/1784 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. repec:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/1631 is not listed on IDEAS
    3. Valérie Chauvin & Gaël Dupont & Éric Heyer & Mathieu Plane & Xavier Timbeau, 2002. "Le modèle France de l'OFCE. La nouvelle version : e-mod.fr," Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 81(2), pages 245-300.
    4. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/1631 is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Henri Sterdyniak & Gaël Dupont & Alexis Dantec, 1999. "Les retraites en France : que faire ?," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 68(1), pages 19-81.
    6. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/1784 is not listed on IDEAS
    7. Valérie Chauvin, 2000. "Les comptables nationaux s'accordent entre eux. Modification de la comptabilité nationale en France," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 72(1), pages 157-183.
    8. Corinne Houizot & Hélène Baudchon & Catherine Mathieu & Francisco Serranito, 2000. "Plus-values, consommation et épargne. Une estimation de l'effet richesse aux États- Unis et au Royaume- Uni," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 73(1), pages 197-240.

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