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La baisse du prix du pétrole : quelles perspectives pour l'OPEP et quelles retombées pour le Tiers Monde ?

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  • Jacques Adda

Abstract

[eng] Twelve years after the first oil shock, the fall in oil price appears as a logical consequence of the sharp mutations that occured in the international oil market since the begining of the 80's. The reduction of demand for OPEC oil was in a paradoxical way evicting producers with main oil reserves and lower production costs from the market. Saudi Arabia and its allies of the Gulf put an end to this absurd situation by launching a war price in december 1985. By boosting oil demand in OECD countries and reducing non OPEC oil production, the drop in oil price might give the Golf producers a new control of the market, the effects of which would appear at the begining of next decade. . This new strategy, hardly accepted by the other members of the organization, doesn't serve the interest of the third world taken as a whole. Areas mostly hurt by the crisis since 1980 — Africa and Latin America — are, even excluding OPEC countries, oil net exporters. Globally, non OPEC LDC's were oil autosufficient in 1985. For highly indebted oil exporting countries, the losses in oil export receipts will be hardly balanced by the expected decrease in international interest rate. The increase in OECD economic growth rate due to the sharp improvement in the industrial countries terms of trade will benefit mainly to the New Industrialized Countries. Those few countries, which depend strongly on oil imports, will take the greatest advantage from the redistribution of import capacity between LDC's. This will reinforce the heterogeneity of the Third World. This new conjoncture could be destabilizing for the international credit system. The decrease in external assests of OPEC countries, which had been feeding the growing LDC's debt during the 70's, affects the bank's loan capacity while loan demand from most highly indebted countries tends to increase. Under such conditions, financial proposals of the Baker plan seem quite insufficient. [fre] Intervenant douze ans après le premier choc pétrolier, l'effondrement du prix du pétrole répond logiquement aux mutations qui se sont opérées sur le marché international du pétrole depuis le début des années quatre-vingt. La réduction de la demande adressée à l'ОРЕР avait pour conséquence paradoxale d'évincer progressivement du marché les producteurs aux réserves les plus importantes et aux coûts les plus bas. En initiant la guerre des prix en décembre 1985 l'Arabie Saoudite et ses alliés du Golfe ont mis un terme à cette situation absurde. Ils se donnent par là même les moyens d'une reprise de contrôle du marché, dont les effets pourraient se faire sentir dès le début de la prochaine décennie. . Cette nouvelle stratégie, difficilement imposée aux autres pays de l'organisation, ne sert pas les intérêts du Tiers Monde dans son ensemble. Les régions les plus touchées par la crise depuis 1980 — l'Afrique et l'Amérique latine — sont, hors pays de l'ОРЕР, exportatrices nettes de pétrole. Globalement les pays en développement hors OPEP étaient autosuffisants en pétrole en 1985. Pour les pays pétroliers les plus endettés le manque à gagner sur les recettes d'exportation de pétrole ne sera que faiblement compensé par le mouvement de détente des taux d'intérêt. Le surplus de croissance économique de l'OCDE, résultant des gains massifs de termes de l'échange dont bénéficiera cette zone, favorisera surtout les exportations de produits manufacturés des Nouveaux Pays Industrialisés. Fortement importateurs de pétrole, ces quelques pays sont, parmi les pays en développement, ceux qui ont le plus à gagner à la nouvelle donne commerciale internationale. Le caractère de plus en plus hétérogène et éclaté du Tiers Monde s'en trouvera renforcé. . Pour le système de crédit international la situation actuelle n'est pas sans danger. La diminution en cours du stock de pétrodollars, qui avait en grande partie alimenté l'endettement du Tiers Monde dans les années soixante-dix, affecte la capacité de prêt des banques, alors même que celles-ci sont confrontées à une demande accrue de crédit de la part des pays les plus endettés. Dans ces conditions les propositions financières du Plan Baker paraissent singulièrement insuffisantes.

Suggested Citation

  • Jacques Adda, 1986. "La baisse du prix du pétrole : quelles perspectives pour l'OPEP et quelles retombées pour le Tiers Monde ?," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 16(1), pages 115-150.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1986_num_16_1_1065
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1986.1065
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1986.1065
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Philippe Aroyo & Monique Fouet, 1985. "Les pétrodollars. Une réserve liquide en voie d'assèchement," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 10(1), pages 65-82.
    2. Jean-Michel Chasseriaux, 1982. "Une interprétation des fluctuations du prix du pétrole," Revue d'Économie Industrielle, Programme National Persée, vol. 22(1), pages 24-38.
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    1. Philippe Hugon, 1989. "Les stratégies comparées des pays africains du golfe de Guinée à l'épreuve du contre-choc pétrolier," Revue Tiers Monde, Programme National Persée, vol. 30(120), pages 755-778.
    2. Jacques Adda, 1987. "Brésil : la quadrature du cercle," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 21(1), pages 79-151.

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