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Brésil : la quadrature du cercle

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  • Jacques Adda

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[fre] En mars 1986 les autorités brésiliennes lançaient le plan Cruzado de lutte contre l'inflation par la désindexation de l'économie. A l'inverse des politiques de régulation de la demande, qui ont clairement fait la preuve de leur inefficacité au Brésil dans la première partie des années quatre-vingt, le plan Cruzado s'inspirait d'une analyse qualitative du processus inflationniste qui trouve son fondement dans le « conflit distributif », expression désignant l'ensemble des actions et luttes des acteurs sociaux pour la préservation de leurs revenus réels dans un contexte de contrainte extérieure exacerbée. En codifiant ces conflits et en définissant les modalités du partage du revenu réel à travers les différentiels de vitesse d'ajustement des variables indexées (salaires, actifs financiers, taux de change...) l'indexation, formelle ou informelle, accentue la rigidité à la baisse du taux d'inflation. Le « choc hétérodoxe » vise dès lors à supprimer la composante inertielle de l'inflation sans faire retomber l'économie dans la récession. La désindexation s'accompagnait d'une réforme monétaire et d'un blocage transitoire de tous les prix de l'économie qui devaient aider à effacer la mémoire inflationniste du système. Au début de 1987 l'échec du plan Cruzado était manifeste : l'économie brésilienne connaissait pour la première fois l'hyperinflation, les réserves de change étaient épuisées et la récession semblait inévitable. Contrairement à ce qu'une approche superficielle pourrait suggérer, cet échec ne remet pas en cause la pertinence du diagnostic formulé sur la nature du processus inflationniste. Il s'explique d'abord par une mauvaise gestion de l'hétérodoxie : prolongation excessive, pour des raisons électorales, du blocage des prix, dérapage de la politique salariale, manque de flexibilité de la politique monétaire, incapacité à maintenir dans les limites prévues les besoins de financement du secteur public. Cet échec résulte d'autre part — et c'est là l'essentiel — de l'impossibilité de désamorcer le conflit distributif tout en poursuivant le transfert massif de ressources vers l'étranger imposé par le paiement des intérêts de la dette extérieure. Le moratoire partiel sur les intérêts de la dette décidé par le Brésil en février 1987 et le retour de la stagflation sanctionnent l'incompatibilité des objectifs poursuivis simultanément par la politique économique. Le plan Bresser, lancé en juin 1987, prend acte de cette incompatibilité et tente de réorienter l'économie vers un sentier de croissance non inflationniste par une gestion plus rigoureuse de l'hétérodoxie et le desserrement, difficile, de la contrainte extérieure. [eng] Brazil : The squaring of the circle Jacques Adda In March 1986 the Brazilian authorities launched the Cruzado plan aimed at fighting inflation by deindexing the economy. Differing radically from demand management policies that have proved clearly ineffective in the first part of the eighties, the Cruzado plan was based on a qualitative analysis of the inflationary process wich is derived from « distributive conflict ». This expression refers to agents'actions and struggles in order to preserve their real income in a context of strong foreign exchange restriction. Codifying these conflicts and the modalities of the real income distribution that derive from speed adjustment differentials of indexed variables (wages, bonds, exchange rates...), indexation — formal or informal — increases downwards inflexibility of the inflation rate. The ambition of the « heterodox shock » is to eliminate the inertial component of inflation without pushing the economy into recession. Deindexation is accompanied by monetary reform, and a general price freeze is supposed to help in cutting the inflationary memory of the economic system. At the beginning of 1987 the failure of the Cruzado plan was unquestionnable. The Brazilian economy experienced hyper-inflation for the first time, reserves had run out and recession looked unavoidable. Contrary to what a superficial approach could suggest, this failure does not invalidate the diagnosis formulated about the nature of the inflationary process. It can be explained first by a mismanagement of the heterodoxy : excessive prolongation of the price freeze, miscontrol of wage policy, lack of flexibility of monetary management, and incapacity to maintain financial borrowing requirements of the public sector within the limits planned. This failure results also — and this is the fundamental point — from the impossibility of resolving the distributive conflict while maintaining the massive negative transfer of funds imposed by the interest payments on foreign debt. The partial moratorium on debt interest decided in February 1987 and the reappearance of stagflation sanctioned the incompatibility between the different objectives of the economic policy. The Bresser plan, launched in June 1987, takes this incompatibility into account and tries to reorient the economy on to a non-inflationary growth path with a much more rigorous management of the heterodoxy and a slackening of the foreign exchange restrictions.

Suggested Citation

  • Jacques Adda, 1987. "Brésil : la quadrature du cercle," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 21(1), pages 79-151.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1987_num_21_1_1109
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1987.1109
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1987.1109
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    1. repec:bla:revinw:v:29:y:1983:i:2:p:101-24 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Eduardo M. Modiano, 1987. "The cruzado first attempt: the Brazilian stabilization program of february 1986," Textos para discussão 171, Department of Economics PUC-Rio (Brazil).
    3. Eduardo Marco modiano, 1987. "The cruzado plan: theoretical foundations and practical limitations," Textos para discussão 154, Department of Economics PUC-Rio (Brazil).
    4. Bacha, Edmar L., 1979. "Notes on the Brazilian experience with minidevaluations, 1968-1976," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 6(4), pages 463-481, November.
    5. repec:ekm:repojs:v:6:y:1986:i:2:id:1794 is not listed on IDEAS
    6. Malan, Pedro S. & Bonelli, Regis, 1977. "The Brazilian economy in the seventies: Old and new developments," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 5(1-2), pages 19-45.
    7. Jacques Adda, 1986. "La baisse du prix du pétrole : quelles perspectives pour l'OPEP et quelles retombées pour le Tiers Monde ?," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 16(1), pages 115-150.
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