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Travail indépendant et transmissions patrimoniales : le poids des inégalités au sein des fratries

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  • Sibylle Gollac

Abstract

[eng] Sons, only children, and elder children are the categories that benefit most frequently from special investments by their parents, in both financial assets and informal human capital. While family assets do infl uence their decision to choose self-employment, it is less through the "turnkey transfer” of the family business than through a more diffuse economic support and via the positive message that parental wealth sends to young persons of working age who hesitate to strike out on their own. But family assets would be of little consequence without transfers of other kinds— i. e., of professional and managerial skills. Inequality of transfers between children of the selfemployed are ambiguous. Those who take up the status— and in particular the family business— receive greater economic transfers. However, they can also feel captive in their role as continuators, especially when their parents have invested little in their educational achievement. While they are more likely to become business owners, it is not necessarily out of choice. This article combines an analysis of data from the 2003-2004 Household Assets Survey (Enquête Patrimoine) with the conclusions of ethnographic studies to examine the conditions in which parents transfer self-employment status. We explore not only the special advantages for business owners’ children who choose self-employment, but also the inequalities between them with respect to the decision to go into business. Self-Employment and Inheritance: the Weight of Inequality among Siblings [fre] Les fils, enfants uniques et aînés sont ceux qui bénéfi cient le plus fréquemment d’investissements particuliers de la part de leurs parents, tant financiers qu’en capital humain informel. Si le patrimoine familial a bien une influence sur leur mise à leur compte, c’est moins par la transmission clé en main de l’affaire familiale que par un soutien économique plus diffus et par le signe positif que représente la richesse des parents pour le jeune actif qui hésite à s’installer à son compte. Ce patrimoine familial ne serait que de peu d’effets sans les autres formes de transmissions: compétences professionnelles et compétences managériales. Les inégalités de transmissions entre enfants d’indépendants sont ambiguës. Si ceux qui reprennent le statut, et en particulier l’affaire familiale, bénéfi cient de transferts économiques plus importants, ils peuvent également se sentir prisonniers de leur rôle de repreneur, surtout lorsque les parents ont faiblement investi dans leur réussite scolaire. S’ils ont plus de chance de devenir chef d’entreprise, ce n’est pas forcément un choix. Cet article combine une exploitation de l’enquête «Patrimoine 2003-2004» à la mobilisation de travaux ethnographiques pour considérer les conditions de transmission du statut d’indépendant. On prend non seulement en considération les avantages particuliers dont bénéfi cient les enfants d’entrepreneurs pour se mettre à leur compte, mais aussi les inégalités qui existent entre eux face à l’installation. [spa] Los hijos, únicos y mayores, son los que, con mayor frecuencia, disfrutan de las inversiones particulares por parte de sus padres, tanto financieras como de capital humano informal. Aunque el patrimonio familiar influye, en efecto, en el establecimiento por su cuenta, no lo es tanto por la transmisión llave en mano del negocio familiar como por el apoyo económico más difuso y el signo positivo que representa la riqueza de los padres para el joven activo que duda en instalarse por su cuenta. Dicho patrimonio familiar tendría pocos efectos sin las demás formas de transmisión: competencias profesionales y competencias de gestión. Las desigualdades de transmisión entre hijos de independientes son ambiguas. Aunque los que retoman el estatus y, en particular, el negocio familiar, disfrutan de transferencias económicas más importantes, también pueden sentirse prisioneros en su papel de cesionario, sobre todo cuando los padres han invertido poco en su éxito escolar. Aunque tienen más probabilidades de convertirse en directivos de la empresa, no es forzosamente una elección. Este artículo combina la utilización de la encuesta . Patrimonio 2003-2004 con trabajos etnográfi cos para considerar las condiciones de transmisión del estatus de independiente. No solo se consideran las ventajas particulares de las que disfrutan los hijos de empresarios para establecerse por su cuenta, sino también las desigualdades que existen entre ellos ante el establecimiento. [ger] Die Söhne, die Einzelkinder und die ältesten Kinder profi tieren am häufi gsten von den besonderen Investitionen ihrer Eltern, seien es fi nanzielle Investitionen oder indirekte Investitionen in das Humankapital. Das Familienvermögen hat zwar einen Einfl uss darauf, ob sie sich selbständig machen; allerdings weniger durch eine schlüsselfertige Übertragung des Familienunternehmens als durch eine vielfältige wirtschaftliche Unterstützung und durch das positive Bild, das sich der junge Erwerbstätige, der zögert, sich selbständig zu machen, vom Vermögen seiner Eltern macht. Dieses Familienvermögen würde ohne anderen Formen der Übertragung wie von berufl ichen Kompetenzen und Managerkompetenzen nur wenig nutzen. Die Ungleichheiten von Vermögensübertragungen zwischen Kindern von Selbständigen sind nicht klar auszumachen. Diejenigen, die den Status und insbesondere das Familienvermögen übernehmen, profi tieren zwar von bedeutenderen wirtschaftlichen Transfers, können sich aber auch als Gefangener ihrer eigenen Übernehmerrolle fühlen, vor allem wenn die Eltern nur wenig in ihren schulischen Erfolg investiert haben. Ihre Chancen, Unternehmer zu werden, sind gewiss größer, was aber nicht unbedingt eine persönliche Wahl ist. Dieser Artikel enthält eine Auswertung der Vermögenserhebung 2003-2004 sowie eine Analyse der ethnografi schen Arbeiten, um die Bedingungen für die Übertragung des Selbständigenstatus zu untersuchen. Berücksichtigt werden nicht nur die besonderen Vorteile der Unternehmerkinder, wenn sie sich selbständig machen, sondern auch die Ungleichheiten zwischen ihnen bei ihrer Existenzgründung. Selbständige Erwerbstätigkeit und Vermögensübertragung: Das Gewicht der Ungleichheiten zwischen Geschwistern

Suggested Citation

  • Sibylle Gollac, 2008. "Travail indépendant et transmissions patrimoniales : le poids des inégalités au sein des fratries," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 417(1), pages 55-75.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2008_num_417_1_7688
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2008.7688
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2008.7688
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    1. Céline Bessière & Caroline De Paoli & Muriel Roger & Bénédicte Gouraud, 2011. "Les agriculteurs et leur patrimoine : des indépendants comme les autres ?," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 444(1), pages 55-74.
    2. repec:dau:papers:123456789/11698 is not listed on IDEAS

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