IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/prs/ecstat/estat_0336-1454_1998_num_319_1_2667.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Devenir travailleur indépendant

Author

Listed:
  • Anne Laferrère

Abstract

[spa] Ser un trabajador independiente . Les obligaciones crediticias existen para cualquier persona que desee establecerse y ejercer una actividad de trabajador independiente (o de empresario). Sin embargo, las obligaciones crediticias y el entorno familiar actûan juntos para los que eligen este estatuto. De hecho, las dos terceras partes de los independientes en actividad tienen un padre o un padre politico independiente. La familia de origen desempena un papel importante. Por una parte, puede ofrecer parte de los fondos necesarios, incluso transmitir directamente una empresa, o servir como garantïa en el mercado crediticio.Una familia de empresarios tiene una ventaja en este aspecto. Por otra parte, transmite también capital humano informai, hecho del espiritu de la empresa, de gusto por el riesgo, de conocimiento del entorno, de la red relacional, de un ambiente favorable. . En efecto, los independientes, segûn si son hijos de asalariados o hijos de empresarios no soportan las obligaciones crediticias con la misma intensidad. Estas obligaciones parecen mâs faciles de vencer para los hijos de empresarios : el tener padres « acomodados », ser propietario de la vivienda en el momento de la constituciôn del hogar, o tener una esposa activa inciden de manera positiva solo sobre la probabilidad para los hijos de asalariados de ser empresarios. Los independientes hijos de independientes no parecen necesitar tanto estas condiciones favorables. La duraciôn de los estudios o un diploma elevado no incitan a los hijos de asalariados a ser independientes, pero tampoco desaniman a los hijos de independientes. [fre] Devenir travailleur indépendant . Les contraintes d'accès au capital existent souvent pour une personne voulant s'installer et mener une activité de travailleur indépendant (ou d'entrepreneur). Cependant, contraintes de crédit et environnement familial agissent ensemble pour ceux qui choisissent ce statut. De fait, les deux tiers des indépendants en activité ont un père ou un beau-père indépendant. La famille d'origine joue manifestement un rôle important. D'une part, elle peut fournir une partie des fonds nécessaires, voire transmettre directement une entreprise, ou encore servir de caution sur le marché du crédit. Une famille d'entrepreneur est mieux placée dans cet exercice. D'autre part, elle transmet un capital humain informel, fait d'esprit d'entreprise, de goût du risque, de connaissance du milieu, de réseau relationnel, d'ambiance favorable. . En effet, les indépendants, selon qu'ils sont fils de salariés ou fils d'entrepreneurs, ne subissent pas les contraintes de crédit avec la même intensité. Ces contraintes paraissent plus faciles à surmonter pour les enfants d'entrepreneurs : avoir eu des parents « à l'aise », avoir été propriétaire du logement au moment de la formation du ménage, ou avoir une épouse active ne jouent positivement que sur la probabilité des fils de salariés d'être devenus entrepreneurs. Les indépendants fils d'indépendants semblent avoir moins besoin de ces conditions favorables. De même, la longueur des études ou un diplôme élevé n'incite pas les fils de salariés à devenir indépendants, mais ne décourage pas les fils d'indépendants. [ger] Sich selbstàndig machen . Jede Person, der sich selbstàndig machen und als Freiberufler (oder Unternehmer) tàtig sein môchte, mul3 die erforderlichen Finanzmittel aufbringen. Bei denjenigen, die diesen Status wàhlen, besteht jedoch eine Wechselwirkung zwischen finanziellen Erfordernissen und familiàrem Umfeld. Denn zwei Drittel der Selbstandigen haben einen selbstandigen Vater oder Schwiegervater. Die Ursprungsfamilie spielt offenbar eine wichtige Rolle. Einerseits kann sie einen Teil der erforderlichen Gelder bereitstellen, ja sogar direkt ein Untemehmen ùbertragen oder bei der Kreditaufnahme als Bùrge auftreten. Die Ausgangslage einer Unternehmerfamilie ist hierbei gùnstiger. Andererseits ùbertràgt sie ein informelles Humankapital, wie Unternehmergeist, Risikobereitschaft, Kenntnis des Milieus, Beziehungen und gùnstiges Umfeld. . Die finanziellen Zwànge der Selbstandigen unterscheiden sich je nachdem, ob sie Sohn eines Arbeitnehmers oder Sohn eines Unternehmers sind. Fur Unternehmerkinder sind sie offenbar leichter zu ûberwinden: wohlhabende Eltern, der Besitz eines Eigenheims zum Zeitpunkt der Grùndung des Haushaltes oder die Erwerbstatigkeit der Frau wirken sich nur auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit, da(3 sich Sôhne von Arbeitnehmern selbstàndig machen, positiv aus. Dagegen scheinen die Selbstandigen, deren Eltern bereits selbstàndig waren, solche gùnstigen Voraussetzungen weniger zu benôtigen. Des weiteren stellen Studiendauer oder ein hohes Diplom keinen Anreiz fur die Sôhne von Arbeitnehmern dar, sich selbstàndig zu machen, wàhrend sie die Sôhne von Selbstandigen nicht davon abhalten. [eng] Becoming Self-Employed . There are credit constraints on anyone who wants to set up as a self-employed professional (or entrepreneur). However, credit constraints and family background are allied for those who choose this professional status. Two-thirds of self-employed professionals have a self-employed father or father-in-law. The immediate family clearly plays an important role. Firstly, it can provide part of the funds required or hand on a business and act as a guarantor on the credit market. An entrepreneurial family has more experience in this area. Secondly, it passes on informal human capital comprising a head for business, a taste for risk, knowledge of the business, a relational network and a favourable atmosphere. . Self-employed children of wage earners do not have the same intensity of credit constraints as children of entrepreneurs. Children of entrepreneurs seem to find these constraints easier to overcome. Having « wealthy » parents, owning housing when the household is formed and having a working wife have a positive effect solely on the probability that the children of wage earners will become entrepreneurs. Self-employed children of self-employed professionals do not appear to have as much need for these favourable conditions. Likewise, the length of education and higher education qualifications do not encourage the children of wage earners to become self-employed, but do not discourage the children of self-employed professionals.

Suggested Citation

  • Anne Laferrère, 1998. "Devenir travailleur indépendant," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 319(1), pages 13-28.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1998_num_319_1_2667
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1998.2667
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1998.2667
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.3406/estat.1998.2667
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.persee.fr/doc/estat_0336-1454_1998_num_319_1_2667
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.3406/estat.1998.2667?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Holtz-Eakin, Douglas & Joulfaian, David & Rosen, Harvey S, 1994. "Sticking It Out: Entrepreneurial Survival and Liquidity Constraints," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 102(1), pages 53-75, February.
    2. Blanchflower, D. & Oswald, A., 1990. "What Makes A Young Entrepreneur?," Papers 373, London School of Economics - Centre for Labour Economics.
    3. Evans, David S & Jovanovic, Boyan, 1989. "An Estimated Model of Entrepreneurial Choice under Liquidity Constraints," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 97(4), pages 808-827, August.
    4. repec:cai:popine:popu_p1993_48n4_1042 is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Kihlstrom, Richard E & Laffont, Jean-Jacques, 1979. "A General Equilibrium Entrepreneurial Theory of Firm Formation Based on Risk Aversion," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 87(4), pages 719-748, August.
    6. Douglas Holtz-Eakin & David Joulfaian & Harvey S. Rosen, 1994. "Entrepreneurial Decisions and Liquidity Constraints," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 25(2), pages 334-347, Summer.
    7. Magnac, Thierry & Robin, Jean-Marc, 1996. "Occupational choice and liquidity constraints," Ricerche Economiche, Elsevier, vol. 50(2), pages 105-133, June.
    8. Christian Dustmann & John Micklewright & Najma Rajah, 1996. "Intra-household transfers and the part-time work of children," IFS Working Papers W96/03, Institute for Fiscal Studies.
    9. Thomas Dunn & Douglas Holtz-Eakin, 1996. "Financial Capital, Human Capital, and the Transition to Self-Employment:Evidence from Intergenerational Links," NBER Working Papers 5622, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    10. Evans, David S & Leighton, Linda S, 1989. "Some Empirical Aspects of Entrepreneurship," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 79(3), pages 519-535, June.
    11. Dominique Goux & Éric Maurin, 1994. "Éducation, expérience et salaire," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 116(5), pages 155-178.
    12. Brigitte Belloc & Nicole Marc & Olivier Marchand, 1987. "Des séries longues sur la population active, l'emploi et le chômage," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 205(1), pages 61-65.
    13. Rees, Hedley & Shah, Anup, 1986. "An Empirical Analysis of Self-employment in the U.K," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 1(1), pages 95-108, January.
    14. Lindh, Thomas & Ohlsson, Henry, 1996. "Self-Employment and Windfall Gains: Evidence from the Swedish Lottery," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 106(439), pages 1515-1526, November.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Nathalie Colombier & David Masclet, 2008. "Intergenerational correlation in self employment: some further evidence from French ECHP data," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 30(4), pages 423-437, April.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Blanchflower, David G & Oswald, Andrew J, 1998. "What Makes an Entrepreneur?," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 16(1), pages 26-60, January.
    2. Fairlie, Robert W, 1999. "The Absence of the African-American Owned Business: An Analysis of the Dynamics of Self-Employment," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 17(1), pages 80-108, January.
    3. Robert W. Fairlie, 2002. "Drug Dealing and Legitimate Self-Employment," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 20(3), pages 538-567, July.
    4. Blanchflower, David G., 2000. "Self-employment in OECD countries," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 7(5), pages 471-505, September.
    5. Nadia Simoes & Nuno Crespo & Sandrina B. Moreira, 2016. "Individual Determinants Of Self-Employment Entry: What Do We Really Know?," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(4), pages 783-806, September.
    6. Nathalie Colombier & David Masclet, 2007. "L'importance de l'environnement familial comme déterminant du travail indépendant," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 405(1), pages 99-118.
    7. Alice Mesnard & Martin Ravallion, 2006. "The Wealth Effect on New Business Startups in a Developing Economy," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 73(291), pages 367-392, August.
    8. Magnus Lofstrom, 2013. "Does self-employment increase the economic well-being of low-skilled workers?," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 40(4), pages 933-952, May.
    9. Earle, John S. & Sakova, Zuzana, 1999. "Entrepreneurship from Scratch: Lessons on the Entry Decision into Self-Employment from Transition Economies," IZA Discussion Papers 79, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    10. Robert W. Fairlie & Alicia M. Robb, 2008. "Race and Entrepreneurial Success: Black-, Asian-, and White-Owned Businesses in the United States," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 026206281x, December.
    11. Rachel G. Childers, 2011. "Being One'S Own Boss: How Does Risk Fit In?," The American Economist, Sage Publications, vol. 56(1), pages 48-58, May.
    12. Werner, Arndt, 2011. "Abbruch und Aufschub von Gründungsvorhaben: Eine empirische Analyse mit den Daten des Gründerpanels des IfM Bonn," IfM-Materialien 209, Institut für Mittelstandsforschung (IfM) Bonn.
    13. Lofstrom, Magnus & Wang, Chunbei, 2006. "Hispanic Self-Employment: A Dynamic Analysis of Business Ownership," IZA Discussion Papers 2101, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    14. Ekelund, Jesper & Johansson, Edvard & Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta & Lichtermann, Dirk, 2005. "Self-employment and risk aversion--evidence from psychological test data," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 12(5), pages 649-659, October.
    15. Montgomery, Mark & Johnson, Terry & Faisal, Syed, 2005. "What kind of capital do you need to start a business: financial or human?," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 103-122, February.
    16. Giuliano Guerra & Roberto Patuelli, 2016. "The Role of Job Satisfaction in Transitions into Self–Employment," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 40(3), pages 543-571, May.
    17. Fairlie, Robert W. & Holleran, William, 2012. "Entrepreneurship training, risk aversion and other personality traits: Evidence from a random experiment," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 366-378.
    18. repec:cii:cepiei:2014-q2-138-2 is not listed on IDEAS
    19. Robert W. Fairlie & Alicia M. Robb, 2007. "Why Are Black-Owned Businesses Less Successful than White-Owned Businesses? The Role of Families, Inheritances, and Business Human Capital," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 25(2), pages 289-323.
    20. Daniela Grieco, 2007. "The entrepreneurial decision: Theories, determinants and constraints," KITeS Working Papers 200, KITeS, Centre for Knowledge, Internationalization and Technology Studies, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, Italy, revised May 2007.
    21. Kamhon Kan & Wei-Der Tsai, 2006. "Entrepreneurship and Risk Aversion," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 26(5), pages 465-474, June.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1998_num_319_1_2667. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Equipe PERSEE (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.persee.fr/collection/estat .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.