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Le revenu selon l'origine sociale ; suivi d'un commentaire de Louis-André Vallet

Author

Listed:
  • Arnaud Lefranc
  • Nicolas Pistolesi
  • Alain Trannoy
  • Louis-André Vallet

Abstract

[ger] Einkünfte und soziale Herkunft . . Sind die Kinder von Führungskräften gegenüber den Arbeiterkindern hinsichtlich des Lebensstandards im Vorteil? Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage werden die Verteilungen der Einkünfte der Haushalte entsprechend der sozioprofessionellen Gruppe des Vaters des Familienvorstands analysiert. Diese Einkommensverteilungen werden mit Lotterien gleichgesetzt, deren Gewinn und Risiko auf der Grundlage der zwischen 1979 und 2000 durchgeführten fünf Erhebungswellen Familienbudgets . geschätzt werden. Mittels Vergleich dieser Lotterien lässt sich der Grad der Chancenungleichheit ermitteln. Die Chancenungleichheit beim Einkommen ist in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten nicht verschwunden; und die anhaltende Chancenungleichheit in Bezug auf das Einkommen, die in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten zu beobachten war, ist zum großen Teil auf die Abweichungen der erhofften Einkünfte zurückzuführen. In der Tat sind die Abweichungen des Risikos, das mit jeder Lotterie verbunden ist, gering. Im Jahre 2000 kann das Kind einer Führungskraft mit einem Lebensstandard rechnen, der um 50 % über demjenigen eines Arbeiterkindes liegt. Innerhalb von 20 Jahren hat die Abweichung um 20 Prozentpunkte abgenommen. Dagegen eröffnen sich heute den Kindern von Selbständigen, insbesondere von Landwirten, bessere Einkommensperspektiven als früher. Insgesamt hat sich die Einkommenshierarchie entsprechend der sozialen Herkunft nur wenig verändert, dafür aber verengt. Somit lassen die Ergebnisse auf eine Verringerung des Grads der Chancenungleichheit schließen. Diese Entwicklung des erhofften Einkommens setzt sich aus sozialer Mobilität und Einkommensentwicklung nach sozioprofessioneller Gruppe zusammen: Die Verbesserung der Perspektiven der Kinder von Selbständigen und Landwirten ist vor allem auf die bessere Vergütung der von ihnen angestrebten Berufe zurückzuführen. Dagegen zeigt die Erosion des Vorteils der Kinder von Führungskräften, dass diese zunehmend Mühe haben, in ihrer ursprünglichen sozialen Kategorie zu verbleiben, und dies trotz der Zunahme des Anteils von Führungskräften in der Bevölkerung. Die Chancenungleichheit, die sich aus der sozioprofessionellen Gruppe des Vaters ergibt, trägt nur in recht geringem Maße zur globalen Chancenungleichheit bei. Im Laufe dieser Zeit nimmt dieser Anteil trendmäßig ab. [eng] Income by Social Background . . Do executives’ children have a head start over manual employees’ children in terms of standard of living? This question calls for an analysis of the income distributions available to households by the family head’s socio-economic group. These income distributions are like lotteries whose yield and risk are estimated based on five Family Budget survey waves from 1979 to 2000. We compare these lotteries to evaluate the extent of inequality of opportunities. The persistence of the inequality of income opportunities observed over the last two decades is due largely to deviations in expected income. The risk deviations inherent in each lottery are small. In 2000, an executive’s child could hope to benefit from a 50% higher standard of living than a manual employee’s child. The deviation therefore fell 20 points in twenty years. However, children of non-wage earners, especially farmers’ children, have better income prospects than before. Overall, the hierarchy of income by social background has changed little, but has narrowed. The findings therefore suggest a reduction in the extent of inequality of opportunities. This change in expected income is broken down between social mobility and income growth per socio-economic group: the improvement in the prospects of self-employed and farmers’ children is due mainly to higher remuneration in the professions they want to take up. Conversely, the weakening of the advantage enjoyed by executives’ children reflects the fact that they find it increasingly hard to stay in their social group of origin, despite the upturn in the proportion of executives in the population. The inequality of opportunities relating to the father’s socio-economic group only accounts for a fairly small fraction of total inequality. This fraction has decreased over time. [fre] Les descendants de cadres sont-ils avantagés par rapport aux descendants d'ouvriers en termes de niveau . de vie? Cette question amène à analyser les distributions de revenus offertes aux ménages selon la catégo rie socioprofessionnelle du père du chef de famille. Ces distributions de revenus sont assimilées à des loteries dont le rendement et le risque font l'objet d'estimations à partir des cinq vagues des enquêtes Budget de Famille réalisées entre 1979 et 2000. La comparaison de ces loteries permet d'évaluer le degré d'inégalité des chances. L'inégalité des chances de revenu n'a pas disparu au cours des deux dernières décennies et cette persis tance provient en grande partie des écarts de revenus espérés. Les écarts de risque inhérent à chaque lote rie sont en effet de faible ampleur. En 2000, un des cendant de cadre peut espérer bénéficier d'un niveau de vie de 50 % supérieur à celui d'un descendant d'ouvrier. L'écart a diminué de 20 points en vingt ans. En revanche, les descendants de non-salariés, et en particulier ceux des agriculteurs, ont de meilleures perspectives de revenu qu'auparavant. Au total, la hiérarchie des revenus selon l'origine sociale a peu changé mais s'est resserrée. Les résultats plaident donc pour une réduction du degré de l'inégalité des chances. Cette évolution du revenu espéré est décomposée entre mobilité sociale et évolution du revenu par catégorie socioprofessionnelle: l'amélio ration des perspectives des descendants d'indépen dants et d'agriculteurs provient surtout d'une rémuné ration accrue des métiers auxquels ils se destinent. À l'opposé, l'érosion de l'avantage des descendants de cadres traduit leur difficulté croissante à rester dans leur groupe social d'origine, en dépit de l'augmenta tion de la proportion de cadres dans la population. L'inégalité des chances provenant de la CSP du père ne contribue que pour une part assez faible à l'inéga lité globale. Cette part a tendance à diminuer au cours du temps. [spa] La renta según el origen social . . ¿ Están más favorecidos los hijos de ejecutivos que los hijos de obreros en términos de nivel de vida? Responder a esta pregunta nos ha llevado a analizar los repartos de renta entre los hogares según la categoría socioprofesional del padre del cabeza de familia. Estos repartos de la renta se consideran aquí como unas loterías cuyo rendimiento y riesgo son objeto de unas estimaciones a partir de las cinco series de las encuestas . Presupuesto familiar realizadas entre 1979 y 2000. La comparación de estas loterías permite valorar el grado de desigualdad de suertes. La desigualdad de suertes de la renta no ha desaparecido en los últimos dos decenios y la persistencia de la desigualdad de suertes, en términos de renta, registrada en los últimos dos decenios procede en gran parte de las diferencias de renta esperada. Las diferencias de riesgo inherente a cada lotería son de poca amplitud. En el 2000, un hijo de ejecutivo puede esperar beneficiarse de un nivel de vida superior en un 50 % al de un hijo de obrero. En veinte años la diferencia se ha reducido en unos 20 puntos. En cambio, los hijos de no asalariados, y en especial los de los agricultores, tienen mejores perspectivas de renta que antes. En total, la jerarquía de la renta según el origen social poco ha cambiado aunque sí se ha reducido. Los resultados abogan pues por una reducción del grado de desigualdad de suertes. Esta evolución de la renta esperada puede repartirse entre movilidad social por un lado y evolución de la renta por categoría socioprofesional: la mejora de las perspectivas de los hijos de independientes y de agricultores procede ante todo de una mejor remuneración de las profesiones a las que se dedican. Al contrario, la disminución de la ventaja de los hijos de ejecutivos se debe a una dificultad creciente de permanecer dentro de su grupo social de origen, pese al aumento de la proporción de ejecutivos en la población. La desigualdad de las suertes procedente de la categoría socioprofesional del padre tan sólo contribuye en una proporción limitada a la desigualdad global. Esta proporción tiende a disminuir con el tiempo.

Suggested Citation

  • Arnaud Lefranc & Nicolas Pistolesi & Alain Trannoy & Louis-André Vallet, 2004. "Le revenu selon l'origine sociale ; suivi d'un commentaire de Louis-André Vallet," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 371(1), pages 49-88.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2004_num_371_1_7276
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2004.7276
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2004.7276
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    1. Arnaud Lefranc & Alain Trannoy, 2005. "Intergenerational earnings mobility in France: Is France more mobile than the U.S.?," Annals of Economics and Statistics, GENES, issue 78, pages 57-77.
    2. Sen, Amartya, 1997. "On Economic Inequality," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780198292975.
    3. Gary Solon, 2002. "Cross-Country Differences in Intergenerational Earnings Mobility," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 16(3), pages 59-66, Summer.
    4. Nicolas Herpin & Daniel Verger, 1999. "Consommation et stratification sociale selon le profil d'emploi," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 324(1), pages 57-74.
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    1. Brigitte Dormont & Anne-Laure Samson, 2007. "Intergenerational inequalities in GPs’ earnings: experience, time and cohort effects," EconomiX Working Papers 2007-34, University of Paris Nanterre, EconomiX.
    2. Pedro Rosa Dias, 2009. "Inequality of opportunity in health: evidence from a UK cohort study," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 18(9), pages 1057-1074, September.
    3. repec:dau:papers:123456789/5866 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. Sandy Tubeuf & Marc Perronnin, 2008. "New prospects in the analysis of inequalities in health: a measurement of health encompassing several dimensions of health," Health, Econometrics and Data Group (HEDG) Working Papers 08/01, HEDG, c/o Department of Economics, University of York.
    5. B. Dormont & A.‐L. Samson, 2008. "Medical demography and intergenerational inequalities in general practitioners' earnings," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 17(9), pages 1037-1055, September.
    6. Arnaud Lefranc & Nicolas Pistolesi & Alain Trannoy, 2008. "Inequality Of Opportunities Vs. Inequality Of Outcomes: Are Western Societies All Alike?," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 54(4), pages 513-546, December.

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