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Aide au logement et emploi

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  • Cédric Afsa

Abstract

[fre] Parmi les allocataires du RMI sans conjoint ni enfant, ceux qui bénéficient d’une aide au logement reprennent plus souvent que les autres une activité. Ce résultat peut surprendre. En effet, les bénéficiaires d’une aide disposent d’un revenu global supérieur. De plus, l’aide au logement est fortement redistributive, et les gains retirés de la reprise d’un emploi se trouvent réduits par la diminution concomitante de l’aide. Ceci pourrait dissuader les chômeurs à reprendre un emploi, surtout à temps partiel. En fait, l’explication de ce résultat est double. Tout d’abord, il tient au mécanisme d’intéressement permettant de cumuler à court terme RMI et revenu d’activité, et au fait que l’aide au logement ne couvre pas l’intégralité du loyer: une partie – le reste à charge - demeure à la charge du bénéficiaire. La théorie économique standard prédit que cette personne cherchera à travailler davantage pour faire face au reste à charge. C’est celui-ci, et non pas le montant de l’aide au logement, qui s’avère la variable économique déterminante. Ensuite, la réduction de l’aide consécutive à la reprise d’un emploi n’intervient pas tout de suite, mais avec un délai pouvant atteindre dix-huit mois. Seuls les effets sur les tout premiers mois de la reprise d’activité sont ici analysés. Il n’est pas possible, faute de données, d’apporter une réponse à la question de l’effet de l’aide à plus long terme sur l’activité. Il reste que cette explication purement économique du phénomène ignore le premier objectif d’une aide au logement: aider son bénéficiaire à accéder à - ou à conserver - son autonomie résidentielle, facteur d’intégration économique et sociale. De fait, on constate sur cet échantillon une très forte mobilité résidentielle, que les données ne permettent pas de cerner avec suffisamment de précision. L’analyse conjointe des trajectoires résidentielles et d’activité apporterait un éclairage supplémentaire sur le lien entre aide au logement et activité. [spa] Entre los beneficiarios dei RMI (renta minima de insercion) sin conyuge ni hijos, aquellos que se benefician de una ayuda al alojamiento vuelven con mas frecuencia que los demas a ejercer una actividad. Este resultado puede sorprender. En efecto, los beneficiarios de una ayuda tienen una renta global superior. Ademas, la ayuda al alojamiento es muy redistributiva, y los ingresos debidos a la recuperacion de un empleo se ven reducidos por la disminucion concomitante de la ayuda. Esto podria disuadir a los parados de recuperar un empleo, y mas todavia si se trata de un empleo a tiempo parcial. En realidad, la explicacion de tal resultado es doble. Primero, esta relacionado con el mecanismo de participacion propia que permite cumular a corto plazo el RMI y losingresos de actividad, y al hecho de que la ayuda al alojamiento no cubre, la totalidad dei alquiler : parte de éste queda a carga dei beneficiario. La teoria economica estandar predice que este individuo intentara trabajar mas para hacerse cargo de lo que le queda por pagar. Esto es lo que resulta ser la variable economica determinante y no el monto de la ayuda al alojamiento. Ademas, la reduccion de la ayuda debida a la recuperacion de un empleo no interviene de inmediato sino con un plazo que puede alcanzar los dieciocho meses. Se analizan aqui sélo los efectos sobre los primeros meses de la recuperacion de actividad. No es posible, a falta de datos, dar una respuesta a la cuestion dei efecto de la ayuda a mas largo plazo sobre la actividad. Ahora bien, esta explicacion meramente teorica dei fenomeno ignora el primer objetivo de una ayuda al alojaramiento : ayudar a su beneficiario a acceder a - o a conservarla - su autonomia residencial, factor de integracion social y economica. De hecho, se registra en esta muestra una movilidad residencial muy grande que los datos no permiten abarcar con la suficiente precision. El analisis simultaneo de las trayectorias residenciales y de actividad daria una nueva luz sobre la relacion entre la ayuda al alojamiento y la actividad. [ger] Unter den Empfängern des Mindesteinkommens zur Eingliederung, die keinen Lebenspartner und keine Kinder haben, finden diejenigen, die Wohngeld erhalten, öfter eine Beschäftigung ais die anderen. Diese Feststellung mag überraschen ; denn die Empfanger von Wohngeld verfügen über ein höheres Gesamteinkommen. Des Weiteren hat das Wohngeld einen starken Umverteilungscharakter und die Gewinne infolge der Wiederaufnahme einer Beschäftigung werden durch die damit einhergehende Kürzung dieser Beihilfe gemindert. Die Arbeitslosen könnten deshalb davon abgehalten werden, eine Arbeit - insbesondere eine Teilzeit-beschäftigung - anzunehmen. Für diese Feststellung gibt es zwei Erklärungen : Zurückzuführen ist dies zunächst auf die Tatsache, dass das Mindesteinkommen zur Eingliederungund das Arbeitsgeld eine kurze Zeit lang kumuliert werden können. Zweitens reicht das Wohngeld nicht für die Zahlung der gesamten Miete, Weshalb ein Teil davon vom Unterstützungsempfanger zu tragen ist. Der gangigen Wirtschaftstheorie zufolge versucht eine solche Person, mehr zu arbeiten, um den Rest der Miete aufbringen zu können. Dieser Betrag und nicht die Höhe des Wohngelds ist die entscheidende wirtschaftliche Variable. Ausserdem wird die Beihilfe nach Annahme einer Beschaftigung nicht sofort, sondern innerhalb einer Frist von bis zu achtzehn Monaten gekürzt. Analysiert werden hier lediglich die Auswirkungen auf die allerersten Monate der Beschäftigung. Da keine entsprechenden Daten vorliegen, lasst sich nicht sagen, welche Auswirkungen das Wohngeld langfristig auf die Beschäftigung hat. Bei dieser rein wirtschaftlichen Erklärung dieses Phanomens bleibt das Hauptziel des Wohngelds unberücksichtigt : Unterstützung des Beziehers bei der Erlangung oder Bewahrung seiner Eigenstandigkeit, die einen wichtigen Faktor für die wirtschaftliche und soziale Integration darstellt. Bei dieser Stichprobe lasst sich eine sehr grosse Mobilität feststellen, die mit den Daten aber nicht ausreichend prazise erfasst werden kann. Eine gemeinsame Analyse der sukzessiven Wohnorte und Beschäftigungen würde zusatzlich Aufschluss über die Beziehung zwischen Wohngeld und Beschaftigung geben. [eng] Among unmarried, childless minimum integration income recipients, those who receive housing benefit go back to work more often than the others. This finding may seem surprising. Housing benefit recipients have a higher total income. Moreover, housing benefit is highly redistributive and the gains obtained from going back to work are often reduced by the parallel decrease in the benefit. This could dissuade jobseekers from taking a job, especially when it is part time. Yet there is a dual explanation for this finding. It is firstly due to the incentive mechanism, whereby minimum integration income is combined with earned income in the short term, and the fact that housing benefit does not cover ail the rent, since part of it - the remainder to be . paid - is to be paid by the recipient. Standard economic theory predicts that this person will try to work more to pay the remainder. This is the factor, and not the housing benefit amount, that proves to be the determining economic variable. Secondly, the benefit is not reduced as soon as the individual finds a new job. The time lag before this happens can be as long as eighteen months. Solely the effects on the initial months back at work are analysed here. There is not enough data to answer the question regarding the benefit's longer-term effect on work. Yet it has to be said that this purely economic explanation ignores the essential objective of housing benefit : to help its recipient attain or maintain residential autonomy, which is a factor for economic and social integration. This sample is actually found to have very high residential mobility, which cannot be understood accurately enough trom the data available. A joint analysis of residential and work paths would shed more light on the link between housing benefit and work.

Suggested Citation

  • Cédric Afsa, 2001. "Aide au logement et emploi," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 346(1), pages 123-136.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2001_num_346_1_7438
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2001.7438
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2001.7438
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    5. Vella, Francis, 1993. "A Simple Estimator for Simultaneous Models with Censored Endogenous Regressors," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 34(2), pages 441-457, May.
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    1. Beninger, Denis, 2003. "Emploi et social en France: Description et évaluation," ZEW Dokumentationen 03-05, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.

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