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Exportations intra-firme ou directes : une alternative pour les firmes multinationales

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  • Emmanuelle Chevassus-Lozza
  • Jacques Gallezot
  • Danielle Galliano

Abstract

[fre] Une alternative pour les firmes multinationales : exportations intra-firme ou directes Pourquoi les entreprises optent-elles pour des échanges intra-firme et en quoi ce choix influence-t-il leur volume- d'exportations ? En France, par exemple, ils représentent le tiers des exportations industrielles et près d'un quart des exportations agro-alimentaires en 1997. L'importance croissante des ces échanges met au premier plan, dans l'analyse de la compétitivité externe, différents aspects de la mondialisation des firmes. Pour les produits agro-alimentaires, les économies d'échelle, la protection de la marque et des savoir-faire et l'existence de barrières à l'échange motivent le choix des firmes multinationales de recourir au marché interne. Une , analyse économétrique de l'enquête sur les échanges intra-firme confirme le fonctionnement spécifique du marché interne des entreprises multinationales de ce secteur. Ces firmes auraient, dans la détermination du prix interne, la possibilité d'annuler l'effet de la charge fiscale qui grève . la compétitivité des exportations directes. D'autre part, le volume des exportations intra-firme serait plus particulièrement influencé par l'expérience du groupe sur les; marchés internationaux et la protection de la marque. Enfin, les effets-prix, couplés au comportement de gestion par la firme multinationale des différentiels de fiscalité, suggèrent une recherche d'optimisation de sa compétitivité globale dans laquelle le marché interne joue un rôle privilégié. [eng] An Alternative for Multinational Firms: Intra-Firm or Direct Exports Why do firms opt for intra-firm trade and how does this choice influence their export volume? In France, for; example, intra-firm trade accounted for a third of industrial exports and nearly one-quarter of food exports in 1 997. In an analysis of foreign competitiveness the growing i magnitude of this trade reveals different aspects of: corporate globalisation. . The decision by multinational food firms to trade on the : internal market is motivated by economies of scale, protecting the brand and know-how and the existence of. trade barriers. An econometric analysis of an intra-firm trade survey confirms the specific way in which the internal 2 market of multinational firms operates in this sector. In setting the internal price, these firms have the possibility of cancelling the effect of the tax burden, which puts a strain on the competitiveness of direct exports. The. volume of intra-firm exports is also thought to be more especially influenced by the group's experience on international markets and brand protection considerations. Moreover, price effects coupled with the multinational firm's way of managing the tax differentials suggest that i they seek to maximise their overall competitiveness in which the internal market plays a major role. [ger] Eine Alternative fur die multinationalen Unternehmen:lntrafirmen Oder Direktexporte Warum entscheiden sich die Unternehmen fur den: Intrafirmenhandel und inwiefern hat diese Wahl einen EinfluB auf ihr Exportvolumen? Im Jahre 1 997 entfiel auf ihn beispielsweise in Frankreich ein Drittel der Industrieexporte und nahezu ein Viertel der Lebensmittelausfuhren. Einer , Analyse der externen Wettbewerbsfàhigkeit zufolge ist die zunehmende Bedeutung dieses Handels in erster Linie3 auf verschiedene Aspekte der Globalisierung der Firmen zurûckzufûhren. Bei den Lebensmitteln sind die GrôBenvorteile, der Schutz . der Marke und des Know-hows sowie das Vorhandensein von Handelsschranken dafur ausschlaggebend, daB die . multinationalen Firmen auf den heimischen Markt; zurûckgreifen. Eine okonometrische Analyse der Erhebung ûber den Intrafirmenhandel bestàtigt, daB der. heimische Markt der multinationalen Unternehmen dieses Sektors auf besondere Art und Weise funktioniert. Bei der Festlegung des Preises fur den heimischen Markt - hàtten diese Firmen die Môglichkeit, den Effekt der Steuerbelastung, die die Wettbewerbsfàhigkeit der; Direktexporte beeintrâchtigt, zu neutralisieren. Andererseits hàtten die Erfahrungen der Gruppe auf den ; Weltmarkten und beirn Markenschutz einen besonderen EinfluB auf den Umfang der Intrafirmenexporte. SchlieBlich lassen die Preiseffekte - gekoppelt mit dem Verhalten eines multinationalen Unternehmens gegenûber der unterschiedlichen Besteuerung - darauf schlieBen, daB es sich um eine Optimierung seiner globalen Wettbewerbsfàhigkeit, bei dem der heimische Markt eine vorrangige Rolle spielt, bemûht. [spa] Una disyuntiva para las firmas multinacionales : exportaciones intrafirma o directas I Por que se deciden las empresas por unos intercambios intrafirma En que medida influye esta decision en el volumen de exportaciones ? En Francia, por ejemplo, estos intercambios representan la tercera parte de las exportaciones industriales y casi la cuarta parte de las exportaciones agroalimentarias en 1 997. La importancia cada vez mayor de estos intercambios pone de manifiesto,' en el anâlisis de la competitividad externa; distintos aspectos de la mundializaciôn de las firmas. Para los productos agroalimentarios, los ahorros de escala, la protecciôn de las marcas y de los procesos de : fabricaciôn y la existencia de barreras al intercambio influyen en la decision de las firmas multinacionales de recurrir al mercado interne Un anâlisis econométrico de la encuesta sobre los intercambios intrafirma confirma el . funcionamiento espeeffico del mercado interno de las empresas multinacionales de ese sector. Esas firmas tendrfan la posibilidad, al fijar el precio interno, de cancelar el efecto de la carga fiscal que grava la competitividad de las exportaciones directas. Por otra parte, el volumen de las exportaciones intrafirma estaria mâs influenciado por la experienca del grupo en los mercados internacionales y por la protecciôn de la marca. En fin, los efectos precio, asociados con el comportamiento de gestion por la firma multinacional de los diferenciales de fiscalidad, parecen senalar la busca . de una optimizaciôn de su competitividad global en la que el mercado interno desemperïa un papel relevante.

Suggested Citation

  • Emmanuelle Chevassus-Lozza & Jacques Gallezot & Danielle Galliano, 1999. "Exportations intra-firme ou directes : une alternative pour les firmes multinationales," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 326(1), pages 97-112.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1999_num_326_1_6227
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1999.6227
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1999.6227
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. CHEVASSUS-LOZZA Emmanuelle & GALLIANO Danielle, 2006. "Intra-firm trade and European integration: Evidences from the French multinational agribusiness," Cahiers du GRES (2002-2009) 2006-24, Groupement de Recherches Economiques et Sociales.
    2. Emmanuelle Chevassus-Lozza & Danielle Galliano, 2009. "Intra-firm trade in the context of European integration: evidence from the French multinational agribusiness," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 25(1), pages 128-143.

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