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Efficacité et limites d’une taxe sur les engrais azotés : éléments d’analyse à partir de seize pays européens

Author

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  • Amédée Mollard
  • Anne Lacroix
  • Gérard Drouet d’Aubigny
  • François Bel

Abstract

[fre] En Europe , les formes actuelles de contrôle de la pollution azotée diffuse reposent encore sur la réglementation , malgré un bilan mitigé de ce mode de régulation . L ’ application d ’ autres instruments réputés plus efficaces , telle la taxation des engrais azotés , est controversée parmi les économistes qui divergent sur l ’ élasticité-prix de leur demande et donc sur la diminution attendue des quantités d ’ engrais . Une telle taxe a déjà été appliquée dans quatre pays européens et il semble utile d ’ en faire un bilan comparatif avec les autres pays . Dans cet objectif , après avoir présenté les expériences de taxation existantes , l ’ article présente tout d ’ abord une analyse par la statistique descriptive , puis une approche économétrique des facteurs explicatifs de la consommation d ’ engrais azotés . Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence : l ’ absence d ’ effet structurel de la taxation ; la très faible influence du prix de l ’ engrais azoté sur l ’ évolution de sa consommation , relativement à celui des pesticides ou des produits agricoles ; le rôle significatif de l ’ accroissement des rendements et de l ’ extension des cultures par rapport aux prairies , éléments d ’ un processus plus général d ’ intensification de l ’ agriculture , cohérent avec la politique des prix agricoles de la période analysée . [eng] In Europe , despite the mixed results obtained , it is administrative regulations that are predominantly used to control nonpoint source nitrogen pollution . The application of other instruments , such as a tax on nitrogen fertilisers , is considered to be more effective but is controversial among economists , who disagree on the price-elasticity of demand for fertilisers and hence on the decline in volume to be expected . Such a tax has already been implemented in four European countries and it seems useful to analyse its effects by comparison with the other countries . With this in mind , after a presentation of the existing taxation experiences , the paper first provides a descriptive statistical analysis , before applying an econometric approach to determine the main factors able to explain the consumption of nitrogen fertilisers . The results show : i ) the absence of any structural effect of taxation , ii ) the very weak influence of the price of nitrogen fertilisers on the evolution of their consumption , relative to the influence of the prices of pesticides and of agricultural products , iii ) the significant role played by the growth of yields over time , and iv ) the influence of the share of ploughed area versus grassland , these two latter elements forming part of the general process of intensification in farming . This process is itself consistent with agricultural pricing policy over the period . Key-words : nitrogen fertilisers , environmental regulation , taxation , Europe , price-elasticity

Suggested Citation

  • Amédée Mollard & Anne Lacroix & Gérard Drouet d’Aubigny & François Bel, 2004. "Efficacité et limites d’une taxe sur les engrais azotés : éléments d’analyse à partir de seize pays européens," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 166(5), pages 99-113.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecoprv:ecop_0249-4744_2004_num_166_5_7384
    DOI: 10.3406/ecop.2004.7384
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ecop.2004.7384
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    1. Thierry Lavoux & David Baldock, 1992. "L'application du principe pollueur-payeur en agriculture," Économie rurale, Programme National Persée, vol. 208(1), pages 61-65.
    2. Fabrice Levert & Hervé Guyomard & Alexandre Gohin, 2003. "Impacts économiques d’une réduction des utilisations agricoles des engrais minéraux en France : une analyse en équilibre général," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 157(1), pages 13-30.
    3. Robert D. Weaver, 1983. "Multiple Input, Multiple Output Production Choices and Technology in the U.S. Wheat Region," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 65(1), pages 45-56.
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    2. François Destandau & Elsa Martin & Anne Rozan, 2011. "Potential of artificial wetlands for removing pesticides from water in a cost-effective framework," INRA UMR CESAER Working Papers 2011/5, INRA UMR CESAER, Centre d'’Economie et Sociologie appliquées à l'’Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux.

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