IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/pid/journl/v53y2014i3p293-308.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Mitigating Vulnerability to Oil Price Risk— Applicability of Risk Models to Pakistan’s Energy Problem

Author

Listed:
  • Jamshed Y. Uppal

    (Cathoic University of America, Washington, DC, USA)

  • Syeda Rabab Mudakkar

    (Lahore School of Economics, Lahore.)

Abstract

The paper examines the prospects of reducing the price risk of Pakistan’s oil imports through hedging in the oil futures market. The paper evaluates the ex-ante cross hedge strategies over the 1990–2013 period using 1–4 months futures NYMEX in order to see how to reduce price risk? Our results indicate that in all cases except one, ex-ante hedging would have been effective in reducing price risk. We provide quantitative estimates of the return/risk tradeoffs from hedging Pakistan’s oil imports, and find that futures hedging offers the country significant risk-reduction potential.

Suggested Citation

  • Jamshed Y. Uppal & Syeda Rabab Mudakkar, 2014. "Mitigating Vulnerability to Oil Price Risk— Applicability of Risk Models to Pakistan’s Energy Problem," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 53(3), pages 293-308.
    • Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:53:y:2014:i:3:p:293-308
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/2014/Volume3/293-308.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Adeel Ghayur, 2007. "Decube Framework: An Introduction to a New Energy Modelling and Planning Process for Sustainable Utilisation of Pakistan s Energy Resources," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 46(4), pages 499-515.
    2. Fan, Ying & Zhang, Yue-Jun & Tsai, Hsien-Tang & Wei, Yi-Ming, 2008. "Estimating 'Value at Risk' of crude oil price and its spillover effect using the GED-GARCH approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(6), pages 3156-3171, November.
    3. Basher, Syed A. & Sadorsky, Perry, 2006. "Oil price risk and emerging stock markets," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 17(2), pages 224-251, December.
    4. Afia Malik, 2010. "Oil Prices and Economic Activity in Pakistan," South Asia Economic Journal, Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka, vol. 11(2), pages 223-244, September.
    5. Marimoutou, Velayoudoum & Raggad, Bechir & Trabelsi, Abdelwahed, 2009. "Extreme Value Theory and Value at Risk: Application to oil market," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(4), pages 519-530, July.
    6. He, Kaijian & Lai, Kin Keung & Yen, Jerome, 2011. "Value-at-risk estimation of crude oil price using MCA based transient risk modeling approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(5), pages 903-911, September.
    7. Sudhakar S. Raju, 2005. "Risk Return Trade-offs from Hedging Oil Price Risk in Ecuador," Journal of Emerging Market Finance, Institute for Financial Management and Research, vol. 4(1), pages 27-41, April.
    8. Granger, C. W. J. & Newbold, P., 1974. "Spurious regressions in econometrics," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 2(2), pages 111-120, July.
    9. Mr. Tao Wu & Mr. Michele Cavallo, 2012. "Measuring Oil-Price Shocks Using Market-Based Information," IMF Working Papers 2012/019, International Monetary Fund.
    10. Mr. James Daniel, 2001. "Hedging Government Oil Price Risk," IMF Working Papers 2001/185, International Monetary Fund.
    11. Bielecki, J., 2002. "Energy security: is the wolf at the door?," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 42(2), pages 235-250.
    12. David Cabedo, J. & Moya, Ismael, 2003. "Estimating oil price 'Value at Risk' using the historical simulation approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 25(3), pages 239-253, May.
    13. Sasa Zikovic, 2011. "Measuring risk of crude oil at extreme quantiles," Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Economics and Business, vol. 29(1), pages 9-31.
    14. Hung, Jui-Cheng & Lee, Ming-Chih & Liu, Hung-Chun, 2008. "Estimation of value-at-risk for energy commodities via fat-tailed GARCH models," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(3), pages 1173-1191, May.
    15. Afia Malik, 2007. "How Pakistan Is Coping with the Challenge of High Oil Prices," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 46(4), pages 551-575.
    16. Hotz, Joffre & Unterschultz, James R., 2009. "Hedging Alberta Government's Oil and Gas Revenue: Is Acting Like a Farmer a Viable Strategy?," Staff Paper Series 91401, University of Alberta, Department of Resource Economics and Environmental Sociology.
    17. Satyanarayan, Sudhakar & Thigpen, Elton & Varangis, Panos & DEC, 1993. "Hedging cotton price risk in Francophone African countries," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1233, The World Bank.
    18. Julia Devlin, 2004. "Managing Oil Price Risk in Developing Countries," The World Bank Research Observer, World Bank, vol. 19(1), pages 119-139.
    19. Rehana Siddiqui, 2004. "Energy and Economic Growth in Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 43(2), pages 175-200.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Lei, Lei & Aziz, Ghazala & Sarwar, Suleman & Waheed, Rida & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2023. "Spillover and portfolio analysis for oil and stock market: A new insight across financial crisis, COVID-19 and Russian-Ukraine war," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PA).
    2. Aziz, Ghazala & Sarwar, Suleman & Yuan, Qiong & Waheed, Rida & Morales, Lucía, 2024. "Reinvestigating the role of oil and gold for portfolio optimization in view of COVID-19 and structural breaks: Empirical evidence of BEKK, DCC and wavelet quantile based estimations," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Inayat U. Mangla & Jamshed Y. Uppal, 2014. "Macro-economic Policies and Energy Security—Implications for a Chronic Energy Deficit Country," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 53(3), pages 255-273.
    2. Antonio Díaz & Gonzalo García-Donato & Andrés Mora-Valencia, 2019. "Quantifying Risk in Traditional Energy and Sustainable Investments," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-22, January.
    3. Ghorbel, Ahmed & Trabelsi, Abdelwahed, 2014. "Energy portfolio risk management using time-varying extreme value copula methods," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 470-485.
    4. Halkos, George & Tsirivis, Apostolos, 2019. "Using Value-at-Risk for effective energy portfolio risk management," MPRA Paper 91674, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Westgaard, Sjur & Fleten, Stein-Erik & Negash, Ahlmahz & Botterud, Audun & Bogaard, Katinka & Verling, Trude Haugsvaer, 2021. "Performing price scenario analysis and stress testing using quantile regression: A case study of the Californian electricity market," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
    6. He, Kaijian & Lai, Kin Keung & Yen, Jerome, 2011. "Value-at-risk estimation of crude oil price using MCA based transient risk modeling approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(5), pages 903-911, September.
    7. Youssef, Manel & Belkacem, Lotfi & Mokni, Khaled, 2015. "Value-at-Risk estimation of energy commodities: A long-memory GARCH–EVT approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 99-110.
    8. Halkos, George E. & Tsirivis, Apostolos S., 2019. "Value-at-risk methodologies for effective energy portfolio risk management," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 197-212.
    9. Lyu, Yongjian & Wang, Peng & Wei, Yu & Ke, Rui, 2017. "Forecasting the VaR of crude oil market: Do alternative distributions help?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 523-534.
    10. Chang, Ting-Huan & Su, Hsin-Mei & Chiu, Chien-Liang, 2011. "Value-at-risk estimation with the optimal dynamic biofuel portfolio," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 264-272, March.
    11. Chen, Liyuan & Zerilli, Paola & Baum, Christopher F., 2019. "Leverage effects and stochastic volatility in spot oil returns: A Bayesian approach with VaR and CVaR applications," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 111-129.
    12. Lang, Korbinian & Auer, Benjamin R., 2020. "The economic and financial properties of crude oil: A review," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    13. de Araújo, André da Silva & Garcia, Maria Teresa Medeiros, 2013. "Risk contagion in the north-western and southern European stock markets," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 1-34.
    14. Zhi-Fu Mi & Yi-Ming Wei & Bao-Jun Tang & Rong-Gang Cong & Hao Yu & Hong Cao & Dabo Guan, 2017. "Risk assessment of oil price from static and dynamic modelling approaches," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(9), pages 929-939, February.
    15. Lyu, Yongjian & Qin, Fanshu & Ke, Rui & Yang, Mo & Chang, Jianing, 2024. "Forecasting the VaR of the crude oil market: A combination of mixed data sampling and extreme value theory," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    16. Laporta, Alessandro G. & Merlo, Luca & Petrella, Lea, 2018. "Selection of Value at Risk Models for Energy Commodities," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 628-643.
    17. Herrera, Rodrigo & Rodriguez, Alejandro & Pino, Gabriel, 2017. "Modeling and forecasting extreme commodity prices: A Markov-Switching based extreme value model," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 129-143.
    18. Guo, Zi-Yi, 2017. "Models with Short-Term Variations and Long-Term Dynamics in Risk Management of Commodity Derivatives," EconStor Preprints 167619, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
    19. František Čech & Jozef Baruník, 2019. "Panel quantile regressions for estimating and predicting the value‐at‐risk of commodities," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(9), pages 1167-1189, September.
    20. Kessides, Ioannis N., 2013. "Chaos in power: Pakistan's electricity crisis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 271-285.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Risk-return Trade-off; Hedging; Oil Prices;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G10 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - General (includes Measurement and Data)
    • G13 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:53:y:2014:i:3:p:293-308. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Khurram Iqbal (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/pideipk.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.