IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jrpoli/v92y2024ics0301420724003246.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Reinvestigating the role of oil and gold for portfolio optimization in view of COVID-19 and structural breaks: Empirical evidence of BEKK, DCC and wavelet quantile based estimations

Author

Listed:
  • Aziz, Ghazala
  • Sarwar, Suleman
  • Yuan, Qiong
  • Waheed, Rida
  • Morales, Lucía

Abstract

The purpose of current study is to reinvestigate the role of oil and gold to hedge the Pakistani stocks. In contrast to previous studies, we have used long span of data and divided it according to structural breaks and COVID-19, for optimal portfolio formation which can hedge the investors risk. Both oil and gold are useful commodity to hedge the risk. In the case of post COVID-19, the significance of gold is higher to optimize the portfolio risk. According to wavelet quantile correlation, Karachi stocks and oil have an optimal combination for short-term and medium-term in case of bearish and normal market condition. In bullish market conditions, the higher proportion of gold is useful to minimize the portfolio risk. However, according to hedging effectiveness, the role of gold is much higher to minimize the portfolio risk. In concise, gold is considered as a strong hedge to minimize the investors risk in Pakistani stock exchange. On the basis of estimations, we recommend that investors, in Karachi stock exchange, have to diversify their investments to form hedged portfolio.

Suggested Citation

  • Aziz, Ghazala & Sarwar, Suleman & Yuan, Qiong & Waheed, Rida & Morales, Lucía, 2024. "Reinvestigating the role of oil and gold for portfolio optimization in view of COVID-19 and structural breaks: Empirical evidence of BEKK, DCC and wavelet quantile based estimations," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:92:y:2024:i:c:s0301420724003246
    DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104957
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301420724003246
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104957?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Arshad Hasan & Zafar Mueen Nasir, 2008. "Macroeconomic Factors and Equity Prices: An Empirical Investigation by Using ARDL Approach," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 47(4), pages 501-513.
    2. Park, Jungwook & Ratti, Ronald A., 2008. "Oil price shocks and stock markets in the U.S. and 13 European countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(5), pages 2587-2608, September.
    3. Engle, Robert F. & Kroner, Kenneth F., 1995. "Multivariate Simultaneous Generalized ARCH," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 11(1), pages 122-150, February.
    4. Rida Waheed & Chen Wei & Suleman Sarwar & Yulan Lv, 2018. "Impact of oil prices on firm stock return: industry-wise analysis," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 55(2), pages 765-780, September.
    5. Dai, Zhifeng & Zhu, Haoyang & Zhang, Xinhua, 2022. "Dynamic spillover effects and portfolio strategies between crude oil, gold and Chinese stock markets related to new energy vehicle," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    6. Hedi Arouri, Mohamed El & Khuong Nguyen, Duc, 2010. "Oil prices, stock markets and portfolio investment: Evidence from sector analysis in Europe over the last decade," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(8), pages 4528-4539, August.
    7. Yuan-Hung Hsu Ku & Ho-Chyuan Chen & Kuang-Hua Chen, 2007. "On the application of the dynamic conditional correlation model in estimating optimal time-varying hedge ratios," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(7), pages 503-509.
    8. Godil, Danish Iqbal & Sarwat, Salman & Sharif, Arshian & Jermsittiparsert, Kittisak, 2020. "How oil prices, gold prices, uncertainty and risk impact Islamic and conventional stocks? Empirical evidence from QARDL technique," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    9. Akbar, Muhammad & Iqbal, Farhan & Noor, Farzana, 2019. "Bayesian analysis of dynamic linkages among gold price, stock prices, exchange rate and interest rate in Pakistan," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 154-164.
    10. Singhal, Shelly & Choudhary, Sangita & Biswal, Pratap Chandra, 2019. "Return and volatility linkages among International crude oil price, gold price, exchange rate and stock markets: Evidence from Mexico," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 255-261.
    11. Abuzayed, Bana & Al-Fayoumi, Nedal & Bouri, Elie, 2022. "Hedging UK stock portfolios with gold and oil: The impact of Brexit," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    12. Liu, Xiaoxing & Shehzad, Khurram & Kocak, Emrah & Zaman, Umer, 2022. "Dynamic correlations and portfolio implications across stock and commodity markets before and during the COVID-19 era: A key role of gold," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    13. Rabia Najaf & Khakan Najaf, 2016. "An empirical study on the dynamic relationship between crude oil prices and Nigera stock market," International Journal of Academic Research in Management and Business, International Journal of Academic Research in Management and Business, vol. 1(2), pages 63-76, September.
    14. Raza, Naveed & Jawad Hussain Shahzad, Syed & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2016. "Asymmetric impact of gold, oil prices and their volatilities on stock prices of emerging markets," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 290-301.
    15. Dichtl, Hubert, 2020. "Forecasting excess returns of the gold market: Can we learn from stock market predictions?," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 19(C).
    16. Chang, Chia-Lin & McAleer, Michael & Tansuchat, Roengchai, 2011. "Crude oil hedging strategies using dynamic multivariate GARCH," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(5), pages 912-923, September.
    17. Kroner, Kenneth F. & Sultan, Jahangir, 1993. "Time-Varying Distributions and Dynamic Hedging with Foreign Currency Futures," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 28(4), pages 535-551, December.
    18. El Hedi Arouri, Mohamed & Jouini, Jamel & Nguyen, Duc Khuong, 2011. "Volatility spillovers between oil prices and stock sector returns: Implications for portfolio management," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 30(7), pages 1387-1405.
    19. Olson, Eric & J. Vivian, Andrew & Wohar, Mark E., 2014. "The relationship between energy and equity markets: Evidence from volatility impulse response functions," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 297-305.
    20. Arouri, Mohamed El Hedi & Jouini, Jamel & Nguyen, Duc Khuong, 2012. "On the impacts of oil price fluctuations on European equity markets: Volatility spillover and hedging effectiveness," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(2), pages 611-617.
    21. Paresh Kumar Narayan & Stephan Popp, 2010. "A new unit root test with two structural breaks in level and slope at unknown time," Journal of Applied Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(9), pages 1425-1438.
    22. Alomari, Mohammad & Mensi, Walid & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2022. "Extreme return spillovers and connectedness between crude oil and precious metals futures markets: Implications for portfolio management," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    23. Talat Afza & Atia Alam, 2011. "Corporate derivatives and foreign exchange risk management: A case study of non-financial firms of Pakistan," Journal of Risk Finance, Emerald Group Publishing, vol. 12(5), pages 409-420, November.
    24. Shawkat Hammoudeh & Eisa Aleisa, 2004. "Dynamic Relationships among GCC Stock Markets and Nymex Oil Futures," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 22(2), pages 250-269, April.
    25. Jones, Charles M & Kaul, Gautam, 1996. "Oil and the Stock Markets," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 51(2), pages 463-491, June.
    26. Engle, Robert, 2002. "Dynamic Conditional Correlation: A Simple Class of Multivariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Models," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 20(3), pages 339-350, July.
    27. Echaust, Krzysztof & Just, Małgorzata, 2022. "Is gold still a safe haven for stock markets? New insights through the tail thickness of portfolio return distributions," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    28. Junttila, Juha & Pesonen, Juho & Raatikainen, Juhani, 2018. "Commodity market based hedging against stock market risk in times of financial crisis: The case of crude oil and gold," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 255-280.
    29. Yen-Hsien Lee & Ya-Ling Huang & Chun-Yu Wu, 2014. "Dynamic Correlations and Volatility Spillovers between Crude Oil and Stock Index Returns: The Implications for Optimal Portfolio Construction," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 4(3), pages 327-336.
    30. El Hedi Arouri, Mohamed & Lahiani, Amine & Nguyen, Duc Khuong, 2015. "World gold prices and stock returns in China: Insights for hedging and diversification strategies," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 273-282.
    31. Faff, Robert W. & Brailsford, Timothy J., 1999. "Oil price risk and the Australian stock market," Journal of Energy Finance & Development, Elsevier, vol. 4(1), pages 69-87, June.
    32. Sarwar, Suleman & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Tingqiu, Cao, 2020. "Analyzing volatility spillovers between oil market and Asian stock markets," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    33. Jamshed Y. Uppal & Syeda Rabab Mudakkar, 2014. "Mitigating Vulnerability to Oil Price Risk— Applicability of Risk Models to Pakistan’s Energy Problem," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 53(3), pages 293-308.
    34. Michael McAleer & Suhejla Hoti & Felix Chan, 2009. "Structure and Asymptotic Theory for Multivariate Asymmetric Conditional Volatility," Econometric Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(5), pages 422-440.
    35. Rizwan Ali & Inayat Ullah Mangla & Ramiz Ur Rehman & Wuzhao Xue & Muhammad Akram Naseem & Muhammad Ishfaq Ahmad, 2020. "Exchange Rate, Gold Price, and Stock Market Nexus: A Quantile Regression Approach," Risks, MDPI, vol. 8(3), pages 1-16, August.
    36. Vikas Pandey & Vipul Vipul, 2018. "Volatility spillover from crude oil and gold to BRICS equity markets," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 45(2), pages 426-440, May.
    37. Robert S. Pindyck, 2004. "Volatility and commodity price dynamics," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 24(11), pages 1029-1047, November.
    38. Rabeh Khalfaoui & M. Boutahar & H. Boubaker, 2015. "Analyzing volatility spillovers and hedging between oil and stock markets: Evidence from wavelet analysis," Post-Print hal-03797593, HAL.
    39. Malik, Farooq & Hammoudeh, Shawkat, 2007. "Shock and volatility transmission in the oil, US and Gulf equity markets," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 16(3), pages 357-368.
    40. Guodong Li & Yang Li & Chih-Ling Tsai, 2015. "Quantile Correlations and Quantile Autoregressive Modeling," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 110(509), pages 246-261, March.
    41. Sarwar, Suleman & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Anwar, Awais & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2019. "The importance of oil assets for portfolio optimization: The analysis of firm level stocks," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 217-234.
    42. Khalfaoui, Rabeh & Sarwar, Suleman & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2019. "Analysing volatility spillover between the oil market and the stock market in oil-importing and oil-exporting countries: Implications on portfolio management," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 22-32.
    43. Morema, Kgotso & Bonga-Bonga, Lumengo, 2020. "The impact of oil and gold price fluctuations on the South African equity market: Volatility spillovers and financial policy implications," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    44. Lin, Ling & Kuang, Yuanpei & Jiang, Yong & Su, Xianfang, 2019. "Assessing risk contagion among the Brent crude oil market, London gold market and stock markets: Evidence based on a new wavelet decomposition approach," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    45. Alqaralleh, Huthaifa & Canepa, Alessandra, 2022. "The role of precious metals in portfolio diversification during the Covid19 pandemic: A wavelet-based quantile approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    46. Umaid A. Sheikh & Muzaffar Asad & Zahid Ahmed & Umer Mukhtar & David McMillan, 2020. "Asymmetrical relationship between oil prices, gold prices, exchange rate, and stock prices during global financial crisis 2008: Evidence from Pakistan," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 8(1), pages 1757802-175, January.
    47. Zhi-Hong Han & Sheng Yang & Mu-Ling Chen & Ling-Yun He, 2015. "Mean spillover effect between crude oil and gasoline markets: an empirical result," International Journal of Global Energy Issues, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 38(1/2/3), pages 49-68.
    48. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Hasan, Mudassar & Arif, Muhammad & Balli, Faruk & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain, 2020. "Time and frequency domain quantile coherence of emerging stock markets with gold and oil prices," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 553(C).
    49. Bollerslev, Tim, 1990. "Modelling the Coherence in Short-run Nominal Exchange Rates: A Multivariate Generalized ARCH Model," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 72(3), pages 498-505, August.
    50. Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Sahadudheen, I., 2015. "Understanding the nexus between oil and gold," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(P2), pages 85-91.
    51. Aiza Shabbir & Shazia Kousar & Syeda Azra Batool, 2020. "Impact of gold and oil prices on the stock market in Pakistan," Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 25(50), pages 279-294, May.
    52. Rehana Siddiqui, 2004. "Energy and Economic Growth in Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 43(2), pages 175-200.
    53. Lei, Lei & Aziz, Ghazala & Sarwar, Suleman & Waheed, Rida & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2023. "Spillover and portfolio analysis for oil and stock market: A new insight across financial crisis, COVID-19 and Russian-Ukraine war," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PA).
    54. Khalfaoui, R. & Boutahar, M. & Boubaker, H., 2015. "Analyzing volatility spillovers and hedging between oil and stock markets: Evidence from wavelet analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 540-549.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Sarwar, Suleman & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Anwar, Awais & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2019. "The importance of oil assets for portfolio optimization: The analysis of firm level stocks," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 217-234.
    2. Lei, Lei & Aziz, Ghazala & Sarwar, Suleman & Waheed, Rida & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2023. "Spillover and portfolio analysis for oil and stock market: A new insight across financial crisis, COVID-19 and Russian-Ukraine war," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PA).
    3. Mensi, Walid & Al Rababa'a, Abdel Razzaq & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2021. "Asymmetric spillover and network connectedness between crude oil, gold, and Chinese sector stock markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    4. Sarwar, Suleman & Khalfaoui, Rabeh & Waheed, Rida & Dastgerdi, Hamidreza Ghorbani, 2019. "Volatility spillovers and hedging: Evidence from Asian oil-importing countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 479-488.
    5. Evrim Mandacı, Pınar & Cagli, Efe Çaglar & Taşkın, Dilvin, 2020. "Dynamic connectedness and portfolio strategies: Energy and metal markets," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    6. Akkoc, Ugur & Civcir, Irfan, 2019. "Dynamic linkages between strategic commodities and stock market in Turkey: Evidence from SVAR-DCC-GARCH model," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 231-239.
    7. Mensi, Walid & Shafiullah, Muhammad & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2021. "Volatility spillovers between strategic commodity futures and stock markets and portfolio implications: Evidence from developed and emerging economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    8. Belhassine, Olfa, 2020. "Volatility spillovers and hedging effectiveness between the oil market and Eurozone sectors: A tale of two crises," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
    9. Arfaoui Mongi & Haj Ali Dhouha, 2016. "Do Structural Breaks Affect Portfolio Designs and Hedging Strategies? International Evidence from Stock-Commodity Markets Linkages," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 6(1), pages 252-270.
    10. Mensi, Walid & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2022. "COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on intraday volatility spillover between oil, gold, and stock markets," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 702-715.
    11. Antonakakis, Nikolaos & Cunado, Juncal & Filis, George & Gabauer, David & Perez de Gracia, Fernando, 2018. "Oil volatility, oil and gas firms and portfolio diversification," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 499-515.
    12. Khalfaoui, Rabeh & Sarwar, Suleman & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2019. "Analysing volatility spillover between the oil market and the stock market in oil-importing and oil-exporting countries: Implications on portfolio management," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 22-32.
    13. Kuang, Wei, 2023. "The equity-oil hedge: A comparison between volatility and alternative risk frameworks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    14. Imran Yousaf & Shoaib Ali & Muhammad Naveed & Ifraz Adeel, 2021. "Risk and Return Transmissions From Crude Oil to Latin American Stock Markets During the Crisis: Portfolio Implications," SAGE Open, , vol. 11(2), pages 21582440211, April.
    15. Muhammad Irfan Malik & Abdul Rashid, 2017. "Return And Volatility Spillover Between Sectoral Stock And Oil Price: Evidence From Pakistan Stock Exchange," Annals of Financial Economics (AFE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 12(02), pages 1-22, June.
    16. Morema, Kgotso & Bonga-Bonga, Lumengo, 2018. "The impact of oil and gold price fluctuations on the South African equity market: volatility spillovers and implications for portfolio management," MPRA Paper 87637, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    17. Mensi, Walid & Al-Yahyaee, Khamis Hamed & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2021. "Modeling the frequency dynamics of spillovers and connectedness between crude oil and MENA stock markets with portfolio implications," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 397-419.
    18. Lin, Boqiang & Wesseh, Presley K. & Appiah, Michael Owusu, 2014. "Oil price fluctuation, volatility spillover and the Ghanaian equity market: Implication for portfolio management and hedging effectiveness," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 172-182.
    19. Dimitrios Kartsonakis-Mademlis & Nikolaos Dritsakis, 2020. "Does the Choice of the Multivariate GARCH Model on Volatility Spillovers Matter? Evidence from Oil Prices and Stock Markets in G7 Countries," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 10(5), pages 164-182.
    20. Boubaker, Heni & Raza, Syed Ali, 2017. "A wavelet analysis of mean and volatility spillovers between oil and BRICS stock markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 105-117.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Wavelet quantile; Karachi stock exchange; COVID-19; Gold; Hedging effectiveness;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G11 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
    • G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:92:y:2024:i:c:s0301420724003246. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/30467 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.