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‘I see you sharing, thus I share with you’: indirect reciprocity in toddlers but not infants

Author

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  • Elena Nava

    (University of Milan-Bicocca
    NeuroMi, Milan Centre of Neuroscience
    MIBTEC: Mind and Behavior Technological Center)

  • Emanuela Croci

    (University of Milan-Bicocca)

  • Chiara Turati

    (University of Milan-Bicocca
    NeuroMi, Milan Centre of Neuroscience
    MIBTEC: Mind and Behavior Technological Center)

Abstract

Human societies are organised around cooperative interactions, the origins and development of which have become a timely topic. In this study, we investigated the development of indirect reciprocity in 18–24-month-old toddlers, and infants aged 6 months, on a two-phase sharing task with non-familiar individuals. In the first phase, we observed whether infants and toddlers differentiated and manifested a preference toward an individual altruistically sharing or acting selfishly. In the second phase, infants and toddlers interacted with the same prosocial and antisocial individuals seen in the first phase, and we observed whether they were willing to share with one of the two. Indirect reciprocity was assessed as the match between the preferences for the prosocial individual in phase one, and the first-person sharing in the second phase. Evidence showed that toddlers, but not infants, indirectly reciprocated the prosocial individual, suggesting that understanding of such a complex behaviour as indirect reciprocity may require prolonged experience in order to emerge.

Suggested Citation

  • Elena Nava & Emanuela Croci & Chiara Turati, 2019. "‘I see you sharing, thus I share with you’: indirect reciprocity in toddlers but not infants," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 5(1), pages 1-9, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:pal:palcom:v:5:y:2019:i:1:d:10.1057_s41599-019-0268-z
    DOI: 10.1057/s41599-019-0268-z
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. J. Kiley Hamlin & Karen Wynn & Paul Bloom, 2007. "Social evaluation by preverbal infants," Nature, Nature, vol. 450(7169), pages 557-559, November.
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    3. Marek Meristo & Luca Surian, 2014. "Infants Distinguish Antisocial Actions Directed towards Fair and Unfair Agents," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(10), pages 1-7, October.
    4. M.A. Nowak & K. Sigmund, 1998. "Evolution of Indirect Reciprocity by Image Scoring/ The Dynamics of Indirect Reciprocity," Working Papers ir98040, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.
    5. Karthik Panchanathan & Robert Boyd, 2004. "Indirect reciprocity can stabilize cooperation without the second-order free rider problem," Nature, Nature, vol. 432(7016), pages 499-502, November.
    6. Craig E Smith & Peter R Blake & Paul L Harris, 2013. "I Should but I Won’t: Why Young Children Endorse Norms of Fair Sharing but Do Not Follow Them," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(3), pages 1-11, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Isamu Okada, 2020. "A Review of Theoretical Studies on Indirect Reciprocity," Games, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-17, July.
    2. Linda Heejung Lho & Wei Quan & Jongsik Yu & Heesup Han, 2022. "The sharing economy in the hospitality sector: The role of social interaction, social presence, and reciprocity in eliciting satisfaction and continuance behavior," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 9(1), pages 1-12, December.

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